范文為教學(xué)中作為模范的文章,也常常用來(lái)指寫(xiě)作的模板。常常用于文秘寫(xiě)作的參考,也可以作為演講材料編寫(xiě)前的參考。相信許多人會(huì)覺(jué)得范文很難寫(xiě)?接下來(lái)小編就給大家介紹一下優(yōu)秀的范文該怎么寫(xiě),我們一起來(lái)看一看吧。
關(guān)于英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文一
親愛(ài)的(姓)先生/女士:
we would like to invite you to attend the located at on at***.it is our great honor to have you as our guest. we are hoping that we will get the same support from you.
我們非常想邀請(qǐng)您參加在某天某時(shí)間舉辦的某活動(dòng)。我們感到非常榮幸能邀請(qǐng)您作為我們的出席嘉賓,同樣也對(duì)您作為我們的(顧客/客戶/合作伙伴)表示感謝。我們希望能一直得到您的支持!
the event is prepared in the intention to show our acknowledgment to our most important. therefore this will be an outstanding opportunity for us to show appreciation of your business, but it the sample time to strenghten our cooperation.
籌備活動(dòng)的目的在于對(duì)重要的(顧客/客戶/合作伙伴)表示感謝。因此,這將是一次絕佳的機(jī)會(huì)讓我們對(duì)您的商業(yè)來(lái)往表示感謝,此外,這也是加強(qiáng)我們合作的好時(shí)機(jī)。
please come early so that we can find a comfortable seat for you. we would appreciate if you can attend this event as you are one of out top.
請(qǐng)您來(lái)早一點(diǎn)以便于我們?yōu)槟才抛?。如果您能作為頂?jí)的(客戶/合作伙伴)前來(lái)參加此次活動(dòng)我們將不勝感激。
please let us know if you are attending the event or not by ***.
無(wú)論您***(日期)是否前來(lái),請(qǐng)告知我們。
hoping for your presence on that day. we look forward meeting you. 希望您前來(lái)出席,期盼與您相見(jiàn)!
regards,
致敬
yours ***
【商務(wù)會(huì)議英文邀請(qǐng)函六】 june 6, 20xx dear aunt kate, david and i are to be married at the community church on thursday, june the twelfth, at noon. we want you to come to the ceremony, and also to the wedding banquet afterward at home. we’ll be looking for you, aunt kate, on the twelfth! affectionately yours, helen [譯文] 親愛(ài)的凱特姑姑: 戴維和我已確定在六月十二日(星期四)正午在社區(qū)教堂舉行婚禮。 我們邀請(qǐng)您參加我們的婚禮,典禮結(jié)束后,請(qǐng)您出席在家中舉行的喜宴。 凱特姑姑,我們期待著您在十二日的到來(lái)! 您親愛(ài)的 海倫 20xx年6月6日 【英文婚宴邀請(qǐng)函二】 自薦信屬于求職信的一種。 好的英文求職信和英文簡(jiǎn)歷是進(jìn)入大企業(yè)特別是外企的“敲門磚”。因此,如何寫(xiě)好應(yīng)聘的求職簡(jiǎn)歷就顯得尤為重要。 英文求職信的一般由五個(gè)組成部分:寫(xiě)信動(dòng)機(jī)、自我介紹、能力(技能)介紹、結(jié)尾和附件。 寫(xiě)信動(dòng)機(jī): 通常求職信是針對(duì)報(bào)紙上、網(wǎng)上的或是其他途徑的招聘廣告而寫(xiě)的。因此,信中須首先提到時(shí)在何月何日的什么報(bào)紙上看到的信息、在什么網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)看到的招聘廣告,又或是是由朋友或介紹所介紹的等等。當(dāng)然,有時(shí)寫(xiě)信人不知某機(jī)構(gòu)、公司有工作機(jī)會(huì),只是毛遂自薦,那么也需說(shuō)明寫(xiě)求職信的緣由和目的。此外,需開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山的點(diǎn)明應(yīng)聘的職位或是希望承擔(dān)的職務(wù) 自我介紹: 此部分應(yīng)述明自己的年齡或出生年月、教育背景,尤其與應(yīng)征職位有關(guān)的訓(xùn)練或教育科目、工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)或特殊技能。如無(wú)實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn),略述在學(xué)類似經(jīng)驗(yàn)亦可。 能力(技能)介紹: 如果缺乏工作經(jīng)歷,可以將社會(huì)工作細(xì)節(jié)放在工作經(jīng)歷中,這樣會(huì)填補(bǔ)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)少的缺陷。例如,在做團(tuán)支書(shū)、學(xué)生會(huì)主席等社會(huì)工作時(shí)組織過(guò)什么活動(dòng),聯(lián)系過(guò)什么事,參與過(guò)什么都可以一一羅列。 結(jié)尾: 求職信的結(jié)尾,應(yīng)注意表達(dá),珍惜工作機(jī)會(huì)和如果得到職位后將不遺余力的表現(xiàn)決心,希望招聘單位給予自己施展才華的機(jī)會(huì)等。此外,不要忘了注明正熱切盼望對(duì)方的回復(fù)。 附件: 畢業(yè)證書(shū)、資格證書(shū)、獲獎(jiǎng)證明應(yīng)列好表單,附于求職信后。 格式與態(tài)度: 寫(xiě)英文求職信,開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)每段第一句話時(shí),要頂格寫(xiě),一定不要空兩格。這點(diǎn)很重要,請(qǐng)你注意;不要用開(kāi)玩笑的口吻與對(duì)方套近乎,要嚴(yán)肅,認(rèn)真地寫(xiě)。這能使對(duì)方感覺(jué)你很重視這件事情;簡(jiǎn)短介紹自己的專業(yè)與才能。重點(diǎn)寫(xiě)清楚你的能力可以滿足對(duì)方公司的需要。 個(gè)人資料: 寫(xiě)英文求職信時(shí),寫(xiě)信人應(yīng)述明自己的年齡或出生年月,教育背景,尤其是和應(yīng)征的職位有關(guān)的訓(xùn)練或教育科目、工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)或特殊的技能;如無(wú)實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn),告知對(duì)方你正在學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)! 推薦自我: 寫(xiě)英文求職信時(shí),需重點(diǎn)注意約定面試時(shí)間。一定要寫(xiě)清楚:我知道您很忙,我很感謝您能在百忙之中抽幾分鐘時(shí)間跟我見(jiàn)面并談話。請(qǐng)放心,這幾分鐘您一定不會(huì)浪費(fèi)的!因?yàn)槲掖_定我的能力一定使貴公司達(dá)到目的。要自信!但不要過(guò)份夸大自己的能力或表現(xiàn)過(guò)份信心,尤其不要說(shuō)出與事實(shí)不符的能力或特性來(lái)。 結(jié)尾與聯(lián)系方式: 寫(xiě)英文求職信結(jié)尾時(shí),需重點(diǎn)注意:不要等對(duì)方先打電話聯(lián)系你,你應(yīng)該在英文求職信中明確寫(xiě)出,你會(huì)在此期間打電話約對(duì)方見(jiàn)面,并告對(duì)方知具體聯(lián)系時(shí)間;還要寫(xiě)明,在見(jiàn)面之前,若對(duì)方有什么問(wèn)題需要了解的,可發(fā)email或打電話聯(lián)系你。并寫(xiě)清楚你的聯(lián)系方式。最后,再一次寫(xiě)明感謝他們抽時(shí)間看你的個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷,求職信。并感謝他們考慮你的應(yīng)聘。 寫(xiě)英文求職信要點(diǎn): 篇幅不易過(guò)長(zhǎng),簡(jiǎn)短為好;態(tài)度誠(chéng)懇,不需華麗詞匯;讓對(duì)方感覺(jué)親切,自信,實(shí)在即可;不要誤看其他錯(cuò)誤的寫(xiě)作方法,以免耽誤了你的求職機(jī)會(huì)。 紙張的選用: 建議你用灰色,黃褐色或米色紙作最終打印信紙。要配合信封的顏色。 書(shū)寫(xiě): 字體要寫(xiě)得整潔可辯,使用打字機(jī)把信打出來(lái)。具有專業(yè)感。 附郵票: 英語(yǔ)求職信內(nèi)需附加郵票或回址信封。 語(yǔ)法: 準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的語(yǔ)法,標(biāo)點(diǎn)拼寫(xiě)使讀信人感到舒暢。錯(cuò)誤的語(yǔ)法或拼寫(xiě)則十分明顯,一望即知。且不可把收信人的姓名或公司地址拼錯(cuò)了。 實(shí)例假設(shè): 你叫李平,你從報(bào)上得知某公司欲招聘一名英語(yǔ)翻譯,請(qǐng)你給該公司經(jīng)理寫(xiě)一份求職信,你的個(gè)人資料如下: 1.簡(jiǎn)況:姓名,李平;年齡,30歲;身高,1.80米;健康狀況,良好;業(yè)余愛(ài)好,游泳、唱歌、跳舞。 2.簡(jiǎn)歷:1994年北京大學(xué)畢業(yè)后分配到南通中學(xué)工作,1996年調(diào)至蘇州中學(xué)工作至今。 3.工作:工作認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé),與人相處融洽。 4.特長(zhǎng):精通英語(yǔ),尤其口語(yǔ),已將多本中文書(shū)籍譯成英語(yǔ),懂一些日語(yǔ)、能用日語(yǔ)與外賓對(duì)話。 合同號(hào)碼: 簽約日期: 買方: 賣方: 本合同由買賣雙方締結(jié),用中、英文字寫(xiě)成,兩種文體具有同等效力,按照下述條款,賣方同意售出買方同意購(gòu)進(jìn)以下商品: 「章名」 第一部分 1.商品名稱及規(guī)格 2.生產(chǎn)國(guó)別及制造廠商 3.單價(jià)(包裝費(fèi)用包括在內(nèi)) 4.數(shù)量 5.總值 6.包裝(適合海洋運(yùn)輸) 7.保險(xiǎn)(除非另有協(xié)議,保險(xiǎn)均由買方負(fù)責(zé)) 8.裝船時(shí)間 9.裝運(yùn)口岸 10.目的口岸 11.裝運(yùn)嘜頭,賣方負(fù)責(zé)在每件貨物上用牢固的不褪色的顏料明顯地刷印或標(biāo)明下述嘜頭,以及目的口岸、件號(hào)、毛重和凈重、尺碼和其它買方要求的標(biāo)記。如系危險(xiǎn)及/或有毒貨物,賣方負(fù)責(zé)保證在每件貨物上明顯地標(biāo)明貨物的性質(zhì)說(shuō)明及習(xí)慣上被接受的標(biāo)記。 12.付款條件:買方于貨物裝船時(shí)間前一個(gè)月通過(guò)______銀行開(kāi)出以賣方為抬頭的不可撤銷信用證,賣方在貨物裝船啟運(yùn)后憑本合同交貨條款第18條a款所列單據(jù)在開(kāi)證銀行議付貸款。上述信用證有效期將在裝船后15天截止。 13.其它條件:除非經(jīng)買方同意和接受,本合同其它一切有關(guān)事項(xiàng)均按第二部分交貨條款之規(guī)定辦理,該交貨條款為本合同不可分的部分,本合同如有任何附加條款將自動(dòng)地優(yōu)先執(zhí)行附加條款,如附加條款與本合同條款有抵觸,則以附加條款為準(zhǔn)。 「章名」 第二部分 「章名」 /fas條件 14.1.本合同項(xiàng)下貨物的裝運(yùn)艙位由買方或買方的運(yùn)輸代理人___________租訂。 14.2.在fob條件下,賣方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)將所訂貨物在本合同第8條所規(guī)定的裝船期內(nèi)按買方所通知的任何日期裝上買方所指定的船只。 14.3.在fas條件下,賣方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)將所訂貨物在本合同第8條所規(guī)定的裝船期內(nèi)按買方所通知的任何日期交到買方所指定船只的吊桿下。 14.4.貨物裝運(yùn)日前10-15天,買方應(yīng)以電報(bào)或電傳通知賣方合同號(hào)、船只預(yù)計(jì)到港日期、裝運(yùn)數(shù)量及船運(yùn)代理人的名稱。以便賣方經(jīng)與該船運(yùn)代理人聯(lián)系及安排貨物的裝運(yùn)。賣方應(yīng)將聯(lián)系結(jié)果通過(guò)電報(bào)或電傳及時(shí)報(bào)告買方。如買方因故需要變更船只或者船只比預(yù)先通知賣方的日期提前或推遲到達(dá)裝運(yùn)港口,買方或其船運(yùn)代理人應(yīng)及時(shí)通知賣方。賣方亦應(yīng)與買方的運(yùn)輸代理或買方保持密切聯(lián)系。 14.5.如買方所訂船只到達(dá)裝運(yùn)港后,賣方不能在買方所通知的裝船時(shí)間內(nèi)將貨物裝上船只或?qū)⒇浳锝坏降鯒U之下,賣方應(yīng)負(fù)擔(dān)買方的一切費(fèi)用和損失,如空艙費(fèi)、滯期費(fèi)及由此而引起的及/或遭受的買方的一切損失。 14.6.如船只撤換或延期或退關(guān)等而未及時(shí)通知賣方停止交貨,在裝港發(fā)生的棧租及保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)損失的計(jì)算,應(yīng)以代理通知之裝船日期(如貨物晚于代理通知之裝船日期抵達(dá)裝港,應(yīng)以貨物抵港日期)為準(zhǔn),在港口免費(fèi)堆存期滿后第十六天起由買方負(fù)擔(dān),人力不可抗拒的情況除外。上述費(fèi)用均憑原始單據(jù)經(jīng)買方核實(shí)后支付。但賣方仍應(yīng)在裝載貨船到達(dá)裝港后立即將貨物裝船,交負(fù)擔(dān)費(fèi)用及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 「章名」 15.c&f條件 15.1.賣方在本合同第8條規(guī)定的時(shí)間之內(nèi)應(yīng)將貨物裝上由裝運(yùn)港到中國(guó)口岸的直達(dá)船。未經(jīng)買方事先許可,不得轉(zhuǎn)船。貨物不得由懸掛中國(guó)港口當(dāng)局所不能接受的國(guó)家旗幟的船裝載。 15.2.賣方所租船只應(yīng)適航和適貨。賣方租船時(shí)應(yīng)慎重和認(rèn)真地選擇承運(yùn)人及船只。買方不接受非保賠協(xié)會(huì)成員的船只。 15.3.賣方所租載貨船只應(yīng)在正常合理時(shí)間內(nèi)駛達(dá)目的港。不得無(wú)故繞行或遲延。 15.4.賣方所租載貨船只船齡不得超過(guò)15年。對(duì)超過(guò)15年船齡的船只其超船齡額外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)應(yīng)由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。買方不接受船齡超過(guò)二十年的船只。 15.5.一次裝運(yùn)數(shù)量超過(guò)一千噸的貨載或其它少于一千噸但買方指明的貨載,賣方應(yīng)在裝船日前至少10天用電傳或電報(bào)通知買方合同號(hào)、商品名稱、數(shù)量、船名、船齡、船籍、船只主要規(guī)范、預(yù)計(jì)裝貨日、預(yù)計(jì)到達(dá)目的港時(shí)間、船公司名稱、電傳和電報(bào)掛號(hào)。 15.6.一次裝運(yùn)一千噸以上貨載或其它少于一千噸但買方指明的貨載,其船長(zhǎng)應(yīng)在該船抵達(dá)目的港前7天和24小時(shí)分別用電傳或電報(bào)通知買方預(yù)計(jì)抵港時(shí)間、合同號(hào)、商品名稱及數(shù)量。 15.7.如果貨物由班輪裝運(yùn),載貨船只必須是______船級(jí)社最高船級(jí)或船級(jí)協(xié)會(huì)條款規(guī)定的相同級(jí)別的船級(jí),船只狀況應(yīng)保持至提單有效期終了時(shí)止,以裝船日為準(zhǔn)船齡不得超過(guò)20年。超過(guò)20年船齡的船只,賣方應(yīng)負(fù)擔(dān)超船齡外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。買方絕不接受超過(guò)25年船齡的船只。 15.8.對(duì)于散件貨,如果賣方未經(jīng)買方事前同意而裝入集裝箱,賣方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)向買方支付賠償金,由雙方在適當(dāng)時(shí)間商定具體金額。 15.9.賣方應(yīng)和載運(yùn)貨物的船只保持密切聯(lián)系,并以最快的手段通知買方船只在途中發(fā)生的一切事故,如因賣方未及時(shí)通知買方而造成買方的一切損失賣方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)賠償。 「章名」 條件 在cif條件下,除本合同第15條c&f條件適用之外賣方負(fù)責(zé)貨物的保險(xiǎn),但不允許有免賠率。 「章名」 17.裝船通知 貨物裝船完畢后48小時(shí)內(nèi),賣方應(yīng)即以電報(bào)或電傳通知買方合同號(hào)、商品名稱、所裝重量(毛/凈)或數(shù)量、發(fā)票價(jià)值、船名、裝運(yùn)口岸、開(kāi)船日期及預(yù)計(jì)到達(dá)目的港時(shí)間。如因賣方未及時(shí)用電報(bào)或電傳給買方以上述裝船通知而使買方不能及時(shí)保險(xiǎn),賣方負(fù)責(zé)賠償買方由此而引起的一切損害及/或損失。 「章名」 18.裝船單據(jù) 18.a.賣方憑下列單據(jù)向付款銀行議付貨款: 18.a.1.填寫(xiě)通知目的口岸的__________運(yùn)輸公司的空白抬頭、空白背書(shū)的全套已裝運(yùn)洋輪的清潔提單(如系c&f/cif條款則注明“運(yùn)費(fèi)已付”,如系fob/fas條款則注明“運(yùn)費(fèi)待收”)。 18.a.2.由信用證受益人簽名出具的發(fā)票5份,注明合同號(hào)、信用證號(hào)、商品名稱、詳細(xì)規(guī)格及裝船嘜頭標(biāo)記。 18.a.3.兩份由信用證受益人出具的裝箱單及/或重量單,注明每件貨物的毛重和凈重及/或尺碼。 18.a.4.由制造商及/或裝運(yùn)口岸的合格、獨(dú)立的公證行簽發(fā)的品質(zhì)檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)及數(shù)量或重量證書(shū)各兩份,必須注明貨物的全部規(guī)格與信用證規(guī)定相符。 18.a.5.本交貨條件第17條規(guī)定的裝船通知電報(bào)或電傳副本一份。 18.a.6.證明上述單據(jù)的副本已按合同要求寄出的書(shū)信一封。 18.a.7.運(yùn)貨船只的國(guó)籍已經(jīng)買主批準(zhǔn)的書(shū)信一封。 18.a.8.如系賣方保險(xiǎn)需提供投保不少于發(fā)票價(jià)值110%的一切險(xiǎn)和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)單。 18.b.不接受影印、自動(dòng)或電腦處理、或復(fù)印的任何正本單據(jù),除非這些單據(jù)印有清晰的“正本”字樣,并經(jīng)發(fā)證單位授權(quán)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人手簽證明。 18.c.聯(lián)運(yùn)提單、遲期提單、簡(jiǎn)式提單不能接受。 18.d.受益人指定的第三者為裝船者不能接受,除非該第三者提單由裝船者背書(shū)轉(zhuǎn)受益人,再由受贈(zèng)人背書(shū)后方可接受。 18.e.信用證開(kāi)立日期之前出具的單據(jù)不能接受。 18.f.對(duì)于c&f/cif貨載,不接受租船提單,除非受益人提供租船合同、船長(zhǎng)或大副收據(jù)、裝船命令、貨物配載圖及或買方在信用證內(nèi)所要求提供的其它單據(jù)副本各一份。 18.g.賣方須將提單、發(fā)票及裝箱單各兩份副本隨船帶交目的口岸的買方收貨代理人_______________。 18.h.載運(yùn)貨船啟碇后,賣方須立即航空郵寄全套單據(jù)副本一份給買方,三份給目的口岸的對(duì)外貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸公司分公司。 18.i.賣方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)賠償買方因賣方失寄或遲寄上述單據(jù)而使買方遭受的一切損失。 18.j.中華人民共和國(guó)境外的銀行費(fèi)用由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。 「章名」 19.合同所訂貨物如用空運(yùn),則本合同有關(guān)海運(yùn)的一切條款均按空運(yùn)條款執(zhí)行。 「章名」 20.危險(xiǎn)品說(shuō)明書(shū) 凡屬危險(xiǎn)品及/或有毒,賣方必須提供其危險(xiǎn)或有毒性能、運(yùn)輸、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)和裝卸注意事項(xiàng)以及防治、急救、消防方法的說(shuō)明書(shū),賣方應(yīng)將此項(xiàng)說(shuō)明書(shū)各三份隨同其他裝船單據(jù)航空郵寄給買方及目的口岸的____________________運(yùn)輸公司。 「章名」 21.檢驗(yàn)和索賠 貨物在目的口岸卸畢60天內(nèi)(如果用集裝箱裝運(yùn)則在開(kāi)箱后60天)經(jīng)中國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)局復(fù)驗(yàn),如發(fā)現(xiàn)品質(zhì)、數(shù)量或重量以及其它任何方面與本合同規(guī)定不符,除屬于保險(xiǎn)公司或船行負(fù)責(zé)者外,買方有權(quán)憑上述檢驗(yàn)局出具的檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)向賣方提出退貨或索賠。因退貨或索賠引起的一切費(fèi)用包括檢驗(yàn)費(fèi)、利息及損失均由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。在此情況下,凡貨物適于抽樣及寄送時(shí)如賣方要求,買方可將樣品寄交賣方。 「章名」 22.賠償費(fèi) 因“人力不可抗拒”而推遲或不能交貨者除外,如果賣方不能交貨或不能按合同規(guī)定的條件交貨,賣方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)向買方賠償由此而引起的一切損失和遭受的損害,包括買價(jià)及/或買價(jià)的差價(jià)、空艙費(fèi)、滯期費(fèi),以及由此而引起的直接或間接損失。買方有權(quán)撤銷全部或部分合同,但并不妨礙買方向賣方提出索賠的權(quán)利。 「章名」 23.賠償例外 由于一般公認(rèn)的“人力不可抗拒”原因而不能交貨或延遲交貨,賣方或買方都不負(fù)責(zé)任。但賣方應(yīng)在事故發(fā)生后立即用電報(bào)或電傳告買方并在事故發(fā)生后15天內(nèi)航空郵寄買方災(zāi)害發(fā)生地點(diǎn)之有關(guān)政府機(jī)關(guān)或商會(huì)所出具的證明,證實(shí)災(zāi)害存在。如果上述“人力不可抗拒”繼續(xù)存在60天以上,買方有權(quán)撤銷合同的全部或一部。 「章名」 24.仲裁 雙方同意對(duì)一切因執(zhí)行和解釋本合同條款所發(fā)生的爭(zhēng)議,努力通過(guò)友好協(xié)商解決。在爭(zhēng)議發(fā)生之日起一個(gè)合理的時(shí)間內(nèi),最多不超過(guò)90天,協(xié)商不能取得對(duì)買賣雙方都滿意的結(jié)果時(shí),如買方?jīng)Q定不向他認(rèn)為合適的有管轄權(quán)的法院提出訴訟,則該爭(zhēng)議應(yīng)提交仲裁。除雙方另有協(xié)議,仲裁應(yīng)在中國(guó)北京舉行,并按中國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易促進(jìn)委員會(huì)對(duì)外貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)所制訂的仲裁規(guī)則和程序進(jìn)行仲裁,該仲裁為終局裁決,對(duì)雙方均有約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用除非另有決定,由敗訴一方負(fù)擔(dān)。 賣方:??????????????????????? 買方: 英文: 「名稱」 1. purchase contract 「題注」 「章名」 whole doc. contract no: date: the buyer: the seller: the contract, made out, in chinese and english, both version being equally authentic, by and between the seller and the buyer whereby the seller agrees to sell and the buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows: 「章名」 section 1 1 name of commodity and specification 2 country of origin & manufacturer 3 unit price (packing charges included) 4 quantity 5 total value 6 packing (seaworthy) 7 insurance (to be covered by the buyer unless otherwise) 8 time of shipment 9 port of loading 10 port of destination mark shown as below in addition to the port of destination, package number, gross and net weights, measurements and other marks as the buyer may require stencilled or marked conspicuously with fast and unfailing pigments on each package. in the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package. 12 terms of payment: one month prior to the time of shipment the buyer shall open with the bank of _______an irrevocable letter of credit in favour of the seller payable at the issuing bank against presentation of documents as stipulated under clause 18. a. of section ii, the terms of delivery of this contract after departure of the carrying vessel. the said letter of credit shall remain in force til the 15th day after shipment. 13 other terms: unless otherwise agreed and accepted by the buyer, all other matters related to this contract shall be governed by section ii, the terms of delivery which shall form an integral part of this contract. any supplementary terms and conditions that may be attached to this contract shall automatically prevail over the terms and conditions of this contract if such supplementary terms and conditions come in conflict with terms and conditions herein and shall be binding upon both parties. for the seller for the buyer 「章名」 section 2 「章名」 14 fob/fas terms 14.1 the shipping space for the contracted goods shall be booked by the buyer or the buyer‘s shipping agent __________. 14.2 under fob terms, the seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer on any date notified by the buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in clause 8 of this contract. 14.3 under fas terms, the seller shall undertake to deliver the contracted goods under the tackle of the vessel nominated by the buyer on any date notified by the buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in clause 8 of this contract. 14.4 10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the buyer shall inform the seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, eta of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods. the seller shall advise by cable or telex in time the buyer of the result thereof. should, for certain reasons, it become necessary for the buyer to replace the named vessel with another one, or should the named vessel arrive at the port of shipment earlier or later than the date of arrival as previously notified to the seller, the buyer or its shipping agent shall advise the seller to this effect in due time. the seller shall also keep in close contact with the agent or the buyer. 14.5 should the seller fail to load the goods on board or to deliver the goods under the tackle of the vessel booked by the buyer. within the time as notified by the buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the seller shall be fully liable to the buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage. consequential losses incurred upon and/or suffered by the buyer. 14.6 should the vessel be withdrawn or replaced or delayed eventually or the cargo be shut out etc., and the seller be not informed in good time to stop delivery of the cargo, the calculation of the loss in storage expenses and insurance premium thus sustained at the loading port shall be based on the loading date notified by the agent to the seller (or based on the date of the arrival of the cargo at the loading port in case the cargo should arrive there later than the notified loading date)。 the abovementioned loss to be calculated from the 16th day after expiry of the free storage time at the port should be borne by the buyer with the exception of force majeure. however, the seller shall still undertake to load the cargo immediately upon the carrying vessel‘s arrival at the loading port at its own risk and expenses. the payment of the afore-said expenses shall be effected against presentation of the original vouchers after the buyer’s verification. 「章名」 15 c&f terms 15.1 the seller shall ship the goods within the time as stipulated in clause 8 of this contract by a direct vessel sailing from the port of loading to china port. transhipment on route is not allowed without the buyer‘s prior consent. the goods shall not be carried by vessels flying flags of countries not acceptable to the port authorities of china. 15.2 the carrying vessel chartered by the seller shall be seaworthy and cargoworthy. the seller shall be obliged to act prudently and conscientiously when selecting the vessel and the carrier when chartering such vessel. the buyer is justified in not accepting vessels chartered by the seller that are not members of the piclub. 15.3 the carrying vessel chartered by the seller shall sail and arrive at the port of destination within the normal and reasonable period of time. any unreasonable aviation or delay is not allowed. 15.4 the age of the carrying vessel chartered by the seller shall not exceed 15 years. in case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the seller. vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the buyer. 15.5 for cargo lots over 1,000 m/t each, or any other lots less than 1,000 metric tons but identified by the buyer, the seller shall, at least 10 days prior to the date of shipment, inform the buyer by telex or cable of the following information: the contract number, the name of commodity, quantity, the name of the carrying vessel, the age, nationality, and particulars of the carrying vessel, the expected date of loading, the expected time of arrival at the port of destination, the name, telex and cable address of the carrier. 15.6 for cargo lots over 1,000 m/t each, or any other lots less than 1,000 metric tons but identified by the buyer, the master of the carrying vessel shall notify the buyer respectively 7 (seven) days and 24 (twenty-four) hours prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of destination, by telex or cable about its eta (expected time of arrival), contract number, the name of commodity, and quantity. 15.7 if goods are to be shipped per liner vessel under liner bill of lading, the carrying vessel must be classified as the highest ____________ or equivalent class as per the institute classification clause and shall be so maintained throughout the duration of the relevant bill of lading. nevertheless, the maximum age of the vessel shall not exceed 20 years at the date of loading. the seller shall bear the average insurance premium for liner vessel older than 20 years. under no circum -stances shall the buyer accept vessel over 25 years of age. 15.8 for break bulk cargoes, if goods are shipped in containers by the seller without prior consent of the buyer, a compensation of a certain amount to be agreed upon by both parties shall be payable to the buyer by the seller. 15.9 the seller shall maintain close contact with the carrying vessel and shall notify the buyer by fastest means of communication about any and all accidents that may occur while the carrying vessel is on route. the seller shall assume full responsibility and shall compensate the buyer for all losses incurred for its failure to give timely advice or notification to the buyer. 「章名」 16 cif terms: under cif terms, besides clause 15 c&f terms of this contract which shall be applied the seller shall be responsible for covering the cargo with relevant insurance with irrespective percentage. 「章名」 17 advice of shipment: within 48 hours immediately after completion of loading of goods on board the vessel the seller shall advise the buyer by cable or telex of the contract number, the name of goods, weight (net/gross) or quantity loaded, invoice value, name of vessel, port of loading, sailing date and expected time of arrival (eta) at the port of destination. should the buyer be unable to arrange insurance in time owing to the seller‘s failure to give the above mentioned advice of shipment by cable or telex, the seller shall be held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such failure. 「章名」 18 shipping documents 18.a the seller shall present the following documents to the paying bank for negotiation of payment: 18.a.1 full set of clean on board, “freight prepaid” for c&f/cif terms or “freight to collect” for fob/fas terms, ocean bills of lading, made out to order and blank endorsed, notifying ___________at the port of destination. 18.a.2 five copies of signed invoice, indicating contract number, l/c number, name of commodity, full specifications, and shipping mark, signed and issued by the beneficiary of letter of credit. 18.a.3 two copies of packing list and/or weight memo with indication of gross and net weight of each package and/or measurements issued by beneficiary of letter of credit. 18.a.4 two copies each of the certificates of quality and quantity or weight issued by the manufacturer and/or a qualified independent surveyor at the loading port and must indicate full specifications of goods conforming to stipulations in letter of credit. 18.a.5 one duplicate copy of the cable or telex advice of shipment as stipulated in clause 17 of the terms of delivery. 18.a.6 a letter attesting that extra copies of abovementioned documents have been dispatched according to the contract. 18.a.7 a letter attesting that the nationality of the carrying vessel has been approved by the buyer. 18.a.8 the relevant insurance policy covering, but not limited to at least 110% of the invoice value against all and war risks if the insurance is covered by the buyer. 18.b any original document(s) made by rephotographic system, automated or computerized system or carbon copies shall not be acceptable unless they are clearly marked as “original.” and certified with signatures in hand writing by authorised officers of the issuing company or corporation. 18.c through bill of lading, stale bill of lading, short form bill of lading, shall not be acceptable. 18.d third party appointed by the beneficiary as shipper shall not be acceptable unless such third party bill of lading is made out to the order of shipper and endorsed to the beneficiary and blank endorsed by the beneficiary. 18.e documents issued earlier than the opening date of letter of credit shall not be acceptable. 18.f in the case of c&f/cif shipments, charter party bill of lading shall not be acceptable unless beneficiary provides one copy each of the charter party, master‘s of mate’s receipt, shipping order and cargo or stowage plan and/or other documents called for in the letter of credit by the buyer. 18.g the seller shall dispatch, in care of the carrying vessel, two copies each of the duplicates of bill of lading. invoice and packing list to the buyer‘s receiving agent, _______________at the port of destination. 18.h immediately after the departure of the carrying vessel, the seller shall airmail one set of the duplicate documents to the buyer and three sets of the same to ______________________________ transportation corporation at the port of destination. 18.i the seller shall assume full responsibility and be liable to the buyer and shall compensate the buyer for all losses arising from going astray of and/or the delay in the dispatch of the above mentioned documents. 18.j banking charges outside the people‘s republic of china shall be for the seller’s account. 「章名」 19 if the goods under this contract are to be dispatched by air, all the terms and conditions of this contract in connection with ocean transportation shall be governed by relevant air terms. 「章名」 20 instruction leaflets on dangerous cargo: for dangerous and/or poisonous cargo, the seller must provide instruction leaflets stating the hazardous or poisonous properties, transportation, storage and handling remarks, as well as precautionary and first-air measures and measures against fire. the seller shall airmail, together with other shipping documents, three copies each of the same to the buyer and___________________ transportation corporation at the port of destination. 「章名」 21 inspection & claims: in case the quality, quantity or weight of the goods be found not in conformity with those as stipulated in this contract upon re-inspection by the china commodity import and export inspection bureau within 60 days after completion of the discharge of the goods at the port of destination or, if goods are shipped in containers, 60 days after the opening of such containers, the buyer shall have the right to request the seller to take back the goods or lodge claims against the seller for compensation for losses upon the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the said bureau, with the exception of those claims for which the insurers or owners of the carrying vessel are liable, all expenses including but not limited to inspection fees, interest, losses arising from the return of the goods or claims shall be borne by the seller. in such a case, the buyer may, if so requested, send a sample of the goods in question to the seller, provided that sampling and sending of such sample is feasible. 「章名」 22 damages: with the exception of late delivery or non-delivery due to “force majeure” causes, if the seller fails to make delivery of the goods in accordance with the terms and conditions, jointly or severally, of this contract, the seller shall be liable to the buyer and indemnify the buyer for all losses, damages, including but not limited to, purchase price and/or purchase price differentials, deadfreight, demurrage, and all consequential direct or indirect losses. the buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the buyer‘s right to claim compensations. 「章名」 23 force majeure: neither the seller or the buyer shall be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery owing to generally recognized “force majeure”causes. however in such a case, the seller shall immediately advise by cable or telex the buyer of the accident and airmail to the buyer within 15 days after the accident, a certificate of the accident issued by the competent government authority or the chamber of commerce which is located at the place where the accident occurs as evidence thereof. if the said “force majeure” cause lasts over 60 days, the buyer shall have the right to cancel the whole or the undelivered part of the order for the goods as stipulated in contract. 「章名」 24 arbitration: both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation. if a dispute cannot be resolved in this manner to the satisfaction of the seller and the buyer within a reasonable period of time, maximum not exceeding 90 days after the date of the notification of such dispute, the case under dispute shall be submitted to arbitration if the buyer should decide not to take the case to court at a place of jurisdiction that the buyer may deem appropriate. unless otherwise agreed upon by both parties, such arbitration shall be held in ________, and shall be governed by the rules and procedures of arbitration stipulated by the foreign trade arbitration commission of the china council for the promotion of international trade. the decision by such arbitration shall be accepted as final and binding upon both parties. the arbitration fees shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded. 自我介紹范文 | 簡(jiǎn)短的自我介紹 | 一分鐘自我介紹 | 英文自我介紹 基本內(nèi)容 自我介紹務(wù)必講清下述5-6項(xiàng)內(nèi)容: 姓名; 愛(ài)好、籍貫、學(xué)歷或業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)歷(應(yīng)注意與公司有關(guān)); 專業(yè)知識(shí)、學(xué)術(shù)背景(應(yīng)注意與崗、職有關(guān)); 優(yōu)點(diǎn)、技能(應(yīng)突出能對(duì)公司所作的貢獻(xiàn)); 用幽默或警句概括自己的特點(diǎn)可加深他人的印象; 致謝。 運(yùn)用場(chǎng)合 用于不認(rèn)識(shí)的朋友間的初次見(jiàn)面時(shí)。 一般還用于求職的時(shí)候使用。 參加公務(wù)員考試也需要使用。 學(xué)生入學(xué)自我介紹。 各種考試也需要使用。 編輯個(gè)人檔案也需要使用。 演講或者主持的時(shí)候 mrs. ghazala waheed wo abdul waheed, adult, ro house no.***-*, dha, lahore cantt, (hereinafter to as the lessor of the one part). and mr.* ***,ro china, refereed to as the lessee of the other part.(expression “l(fā)essor” and “l(fā)essee” wherever the context so permit shall always mean and include their reective heirs, successors legal representative and assignees). whereas the lessor is the lawful owner and in lawful possession of house no,***-*,dha, lahore cantt, consisting of 4 bedrooms with bath, dd,tv; lounge, kitchen, store, servant, quarter together with fixtures and fitting (hereinafter collectively called the demised premises). and whereas the lessor has agreed the lease and the lessee has agreed to take on lease the demised premises on the terms and condition as given below:- agreement in only valid if lessee is renewed and extended for the lease period. 2. the lessor lets lessee takes the demissed premises for a period of 2 months commencing from 5th january xx年,自 年 月____日起至_______年____月____日止。 the tenancy shall be for a term of years,commencing on ______________and expiring on __________________. 4.2 租賃期滿,如乙方不再根據(jù)此條款續(xù)約,甲方有權(quán)收回全部出租房屋,乙方應(yīng)如 期交換出租房屋予甲方。乙方如要求續(xù)租,須在本合同期滿三個(gè)月前向甲方提出書(shū)面申請(qǐng),再由雙方另行續(xù)租事宜。 on expiry of the tenancy, if party b has not exercised its option to renew this agreement in accordance with this clause,party a has the right to repossess the entire leased property,and party b shall deliver the leased property to the party a provided always that party b shall have the option to renew this agreement upon giving prior written novice to party a of its intention to do so that least three(3) months before the expiration of this agreement. 五、租金: rent 5. 雙方談定的租金為每月____________________人民幣,租金包括除水、電、液化氣、電話費(fèi)以外的一切管理費(fèi)。 the rent for the leased property as agreed to by both parties is rmb___________yuan per month, which rent includes all management fee. 5.2 支付甲方壹個(gè)月的租金,應(yīng)在每個(gè)月的第十天以前支付給甲方。 party b pay the rental fee before the tenth day of every calendar one month. 5.3 所有保證金、租金等費(fèi)用均以人民幣通過(guò)銀行匯入甲方所提供的以下銀行賬戶及戶名: 賬號(hào):____________________戶名:______________開(kāi)戶行:____________________ all payments of security deposit,rent fee,etc heteunder shall be made be made by bank transfer rmb to party a's following account. account no:________________________,user name:_____________bank:___ ________ __ 六、保證金: security deposit: 6. 為確保出租房屋及其設(shè)施之安全并完好及租賃期內(nèi)相關(guān)費(fèi)用之如期結(jié)算,乙方同意于簽訂合同 0天內(nèi)支付給甲方貳個(gè)月租金的租賃押金計(jì)__________________人民幣作為乙方確保合同履行之保證金。乙方搬入后十天內(nèi)付壹個(gè)與租金計(jì)______________人民幣。 to ensure the protection and good condition of the leased property and the related facilities as well as the prompt payment and settlement of all related charges during the term of tenancy,party b agrees to pay to party a with 0 days when the execution of this agreement a security for party b’s obligations hereunder. when party b move in,party b pay one month’s rental in the amount of___________with 0days. 6.2 除合同另有約定之外,甲方應(yīng)于租賃期滿或此合同提前終止之期且乙方透空、點(diǎn)清并付清所有應(yīng)付費(fèi)用后,當(dāng)天將保證金全額無(wú)息退還乙方,如保證金以人民幣支付,屆時(shí)也應(yīng)以人民幣形式退還。 unless otherwise provided in this agreement, party a shall return to party b the entire security deposit without interest thereon upon expiration or soonder detemination of this agreement provide that party b has vzcated the leased property and settled all related charges. if this security deposit was paid in rmb,it shall be returned to party b in the form of rmb. 七、其他費(fèi)用: other charges: 乙方應(yīng)承擔(dān)租賃期內(nèi)實(shí)際使用而產(chǎn)生的水、電、液化氣費(fèi)、電話費(fèi)并按單自行如期交納所屬管理公司或有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)。 during the term of tenancy,party b is reonsible for paying the charges in relation to water, electricity, gas,telephone charges on the basis of the amount of such utilities party b uses. such charges shall be paid when due according to the invoice therefore received by party b from the management company or relevant authority every month. 八、甲方的責(zé)任: party a’s obligations: 8. 甲方須按時(shí)將出租房屋及其家私家具用品與其設(shè)施以良好狀態(tài)交付乙方使用。 party a shall deliver on schedule to party bvacant possession of the leased property including the furniture,furnishing and appliances and the related facilities for party b’s use(furniture,furnishing and appliances to be detailed in appendisl.) 8.2 租賃期內(nèi)甲方不得收回出租房屋(除非本合同另有規(guī)定),甲方保證乙方可不受干擾的享用該物業(yè)。 party a shall not repossess the leased property during the term of party a disturb of interfere with party b’s quiet enjoyment of the leased property. 8.3 在乙方遵守本合同的條款及支付租金的前提下,乙方有權(quán)于租賃期內(nèi)拒絕甲方或其他人騷擾而安靜享用出租房屋。 proviede that party b pays the rent and performs and observes party b’s terms and conditions in accordavce with this agreement, party b shall be entitled to hold and enjoy the leased property throughout the term of this tenancy without any interruption by party a or any other person. 8.4 租賃期內(nèi)出租房屋的結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)出物業(yè)的排水、上下管道、電路等處于良好使用狀態(tài)。 party a agrees to repair and maintain the structure,drains, pipes and cables, g in to or from the leased property at all times in good and tenable repair during the term of this tenancy. 九、乙方的責(zé)任: party b’s obligations: 9. 乙方應(yīng)按合同的規(guī)定,按時(shí)支付租金,保證金及其他各項(xiàng)應(yīng)付費(fèi)用。 party b shall promptly pay all rent ,security deposit and other charges payable by it in accordance with the terms of this agreement. 9.2 乙方應(yīng)愛(ài)護(hù)使用出租房屋,如因乙方的過(guò)失或過(guò)錯(cuò)致使房屋設(shè)施及屋內(nèi)用具和飾品受到損壞(正常損耗除外),乙方應(yīng)負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。 paryt b shall treat the leased property with care. if as a result of party b’s negligence or misconduct, the leased property and the related facilities and accessorties suffer any damage(fair wear and tear excepted ),party b shall be reonsible for compensating party a for such damages. 9.3 乙方應(yīng)按本合同的約定合法使用出租房屋,不得擅自改變使用性質(zhì),不應(yīng)存放中華人民共和國(guó)法律下所禁止的危險(xiǎn)物品,如因此發(fā)生損害,乙方應(yīng)承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任。 party b shall use the leased property legally as agreed in this agreement and may not change such use on its own…party b shall not store any dangerous items which are prohibited by the laws in the people’s republic of china in the leased property and shall be fully reonsible for any admages of losses as result thereof. 9.4 未經(jīng)甲方事先書(shū)面同意,乙方不得將出租房屋轉(zhuǎn)租或租給其他的第三者。 without party a’s prior written consent ,party b may not assign the tenancy or sublet the leased property to a third party. 十、違約處理: breach of agreement : 10. 1 甲、乙任何一方如未按本合同的條款履行,構(gòu)成違約,應(yīng)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的違約責(zé)任。雙方同意違約方應(yīng)賠償守約方之直接損失人民幣_(tái)___________元。 if either party a or party b fails to perform its obligations hereunder ,it shall constitute a breach of this agreement and the defaulting party shall be liable for the liabilities resulting from such breach. the parties agree that the party in breach shall pay the other party compensation ____________________for the direct loss and damage suffered by the other party as result of such breach . 10.2 乙方有下列行為之一的,甲方有權(quán)終止本合同,收回出租房屋,并且保證金不予返還; party a shall have the right to terminage this agreement ,repossess the leased property and forfeit the security deposit if party b commits one of the following: a.未得甲方書(shū)面書(shū)面同意,將出租房屋擅自轉(zhuǎn)租; sublets the leased property without party a’s written consent; b.未得甲方同意將出租房擅自拆改結(jié)構(gòu)或改變用途的: alters the structure of the leased property or uses the leased property other than for the purpose started herein without party a’s consent; c.無(wú)故拖欠租金超過(guò)三天(除雙方就本合同存在爭(zhēng)議除外)。 fails to pay rent without any reason for more than thirty (30)days after the due date except where there is a diute in reect of this agreement. 十一、適用法律: applicable law: 本合同的成立,其有效性、結(jié)實(shí)、簽署和解決與其他有關(guān)的一切糾紛均應(yīng)受中國(guó)法律的管轄并依據(jù)中國(guó)法律解釋。 the formation of this agreement ,its validity,interpretation,executiong and settlement of any diutes arising hereunder shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the people’s republic of china. 十二、爭(zhēng)議的解決: diute resolution: 凡因執(zhí)行本合同所產(chǎn)生的或與本合同有關(guān)的一切爭(zhēng)議,雙方應(yīng)通過(guò)友好協(xié)商解決;協(xié)商不成,應(yīng)提交中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì),按其仲裁規(guī)則和中華人民共和國(guó)仲裁法進(jìn)行仲裁。仲裁解決是終局的,對(duì)雙方都有約束力。 in the case of diutes arising over this agreement of any matters related hereto ,the parties shall negotiate in good faith to resolve such such negotiation fails, the parties shall submit the diute to arbitration by the china international economic and trade arbitration commission in accordance with its arbitration rules and the arbitration law of the people’s republic of decision of the arbitration body is final and shall be binding on the parties hereto. 十三、其他 others: 13. 1 本合同如有未盡事宜,由甲、乙雙方洽談解決。 if this agreement it unclear with reect to certain matters, the two parties shall discuss to resolve such ambiguities. 13.2 本合同由中、英文寫(xiě)成,兩種文本具有同等效力。 this agreement is written both in the chinese and english versions shall be equally authentic. 13.3 本合同經(jīng)雙方簽字后立即生效,未經(jīng)雙方同意,不得任意終止或修改,本合同另有約定除外,本合同一式二份,甲、乙雙方各執(zhí)一份。 this agreement shall become effective upon the signing thereof by the parties hereto an registration with the relevant and except as provided in this agreement ,this agreement may not bye terminated or amended without the consent of both are two(2) originals of this agreement ,one for party a,one for party b. 本合同于__________年 月_____日簽訂。 this agreement was signed in __________________on ________________ 甲方: 乙方: partya: partyb: 蓋章: 蓋章: seal: seal: 地址: 地址: address: address: 電話: 電話: telephone number: telephone number: 傳真: 傳真: 自我介紹范文 | 簡(jiǎn)短的自我介紹 | 一分鐘自我介紹 | 英文自我介紹 自我介紹是每一個(gè)職場(chǎng)中人都必然要經(jīng)歷的一件事情,只不過(guò),有的人一年用不上幾次,而有的人則一個(gè)星期可能需要做n次。眾所周知,自我介紹是日常工作中與陌生人建立關(guān)系、打開(kāi)局面的一種非常重要的手段,因此,讓自己通過(guò)自我介紹或得到對(duì)方的認(rèn)識(shí)甚至認(rèn)可,一種非常重要的職場(chǎng)技術(shù)。[1] 步驟目的 無(wú)非是“認(rèn)識(shí)——了解——欣賞”三個(gè)步驟,但通常情況下,絕大部分的自我介紹只能達(dá)到前兩個(gè)層次,很難達(dá)到第三個(gè)層次。[1] 比如在招聘面試中的自我介紹,目的是使招聘者明了求職者的三個(gè)問(wèn)題: 你現(xiàn)在是干什么的(應(yīng)該在共同點(diǎn)中強(qiáng)調(diào)不同點(diǎn)); 你將來(lái)準(zhǔn)備干什么(應(yīng)力求具體、合理); 你過(guò)去干過(guò)什么(應(yīng)保持與將來(lái)的一致或連貫性)。 親愛(ài)的xx: 感謝您去年對(duì)我們公司的支持。我們非常感謝我們的合作。我們希望明年能繼續(xù)我們良好的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系和互動(dòng)。 真誠(chéng)地 給客戶的英文推薦信二親愛(ài)的鮑勃(或史密斯先生或鮑勃·史密斯), 感謝您選擇xx清潔服務(wù)(或您公司的名稱)。您的業(yè)務(wù)受到贊賞,我們很榮幸成為您的新清潔服務(wù)(您的服務(wù))提供商(也稱為公司)。再次感謝。 推薦人: 日期:xx年xx月xx日 各位游客: 今天我們要去麗江古城游覽。我國(guó)有兩大古城被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄,它們分列一南一北,各具特色,北方是山西的平遙古城,南方是云南的麗江古城。麗江古城由大研、白沙、束河三個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的城建單元組成,大研古城是它們的集中代表,所以人們也常常把大研古城叫做麗江古城。從地域來(lái)講,麗江大研古城是一座馳名中外的少數(shù)民族高原古城。 [大研古城的位置→歷史] 大研古城位于麗江盆地的中心。請(qǐng)看盆地西南角聳立著酷似書(shū)天巨筆的文筆峰,麗江盆地則像一方碧玉做成的大硯臺(tái),古時(shí)“研”和“硯”相通,所以古城就叫大研,難怪人們說(shuō)麗江文化昌盛是因?yàn)辂惤婌`毓秀、地靈人杰。 古城形成于宋末元初,明清以來(lái)一直是滇西北商貿(mào)中心和連接滇川藏的茶馬古道重鎮(zhèn),至今已有800多年歷史了。古城面積3.8平方公里,海拔2400米左右,居住著6200余戶人家,常住人口約有2.5萬(wàn)多人,其中納西族人口約占67%。麗江古城在1986年12月8日被國(guó)務(wù)院公布為國(guó)家歷史文化名城,1997年12月4日又被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)。 [古城選址] 麗江古城除了同蘇州古城一樣具有“小橋流水人家”的特色外,還在古城選址、街道布局、納西民居等方面別具一格。古城北靠金虹山,西倚獅子山,東南向著千頃沃野,地勢(shì)北高南低。這樣的位置,冬阻西北寒流,夏送東南暖風(fēng),使古城冬暖夏涼,氣候舒適宜人,我們身邊的玉河水則為古城提供了潔凈而充足的水源。可以說(shuō),古城的選址是十分科學(xué)的。 [水車→照壁→水龍柱] 我們面前的水車,有人說(shuō)它是子母水車,也有人說(shuō)它是情人水車。過(guò)去古城里就有水車,今天在一些偏遠(yuǎn)地方也還在使用。它可以用來(lái)舂米磨面,如果人住在高處或要灌溉的田地在高處,但水在低處流,還可以用它來(lái)提水。 水車旁是寫(xiě)有江題詞的照壁,古城里有三房一照壁的民居,那照壁就像這個(gè)樣子。照壁右側(cè)是水龍柱。龍是管水的,古城里的土木建筑最怕火,但水能克火,所以立了這個(gè)水龍柱,以表達(dá)古城人民免除火災(zāi)的愿望。千百年來(lái),古城人民像愛(ài)護(hù)自己的眼睛一樣愛(ài)護(hù)古城,也請(qǐng)各位朋友像古城人民一樣愛(ài)護(hù)古城,不亂扔煙頭垃圾。 [世界遺產(chǎn)徽記→石刻墻→巴格圖] 再看世界文化遺產(chǎn)徽記圖案。外圈呈圓形代表地球、代表大自然;正方形內(nèi)框?yàn)閮芍皇趾蠂?,代表人類的?chuàng)造;圓圈和方框內(nèi)外密切相連,表示人與自然要和諧統(tǒng)一,麗江古城就是人與自然和諧統(tǒng)一的杰作。環(huán)繞圓圈的文字,分別是中文、英文、法文的“世界遺產(chǎn)”一詞。 右邊的這堵石刻墻,采用丹霞地貌區(qū)特有的砂巖雕成,是因整治古城外圍環(huán)境,于1999年建成的景觀。這堵巨型浮雕墻,高9米,長(zhǎng)55米,名為“麗江古城盛世圖”,展現(xiàn)了世界文化遺產(chǎn)麗江古城的白沙古鎮(zhèn)、束河古鎮(zhèn)、大研古城三個(gè)片區(qū)的古代日常生活場(chǎng)景。其代表性場(chǎng)景有白沙壁畫(huà)、束河四方街、大石橋、大研四方街,還刻有東巴象形文字、納西古樂(lè)演奏、男耕女織、古城民居大屋頂,是一幅濃郁的納西風(fēng)情畫(huà),稱得上是麗江的“清明上河圖”。 我們腳下是“巴格圖”,又叫青蛙八卦圖,是納西先民根據(jù)五行學(xué)說(shuō)創(chuàng)造的占卜工具。圖案正中爬著一只青蛙,背上似有占卜經(jīng)文,腹部橫穿著一支箭,象征五方五行五色八位。箭桿朝東,象征“木”,木色青;蛙嘴朝南,嘴吐“火”,火色紅;蛙腹居中,化為“土”,土色黃;箭頭朝西,象征“鐵”,鐵色白;蛙尾朝北,撒出“水”,水色黑。此外,蛙的左肢指向東南,右肢指向西南,左腳指向東北,右腳指向西北,加上東、南、西、北,象征八方卦位。圖案周圍標(biāo)有十二種動(dòng)物形象,從正東方起的次序是寅虎、卯兔、辰龍、巳蛇、午馬、未羊、申猴、酉雞、戌犬、亥豬、子鼠、丑牛。這樣,木、火、土、鐵、水五行各配公母而得十,然后循環(huán)配與十二種動(dòng)物而得六十序數(shù)。民間東巴祭司以青蛙軀體部位象征宇宙空間方位,布局陰陽(yáng)五行、十天干、十二地支、八方八門,使之形成了特殊的占卜圖,用來(lái)解釋自然界,預(yù)測(cè)人類生活。巴格圖對(duì)研究納西先民的原始宇宙觀,乃至對(duì)研究八卦起源,都具有重要的參考價(jià)值。 [古城布局] 古城的街道和房屋布局,可以說(shuō)是以水為脈,隨勢(shì)自然。象山腳下的黑龍?zhí)度鞒銮组L(zhǎng)的玉河,玉河泉水在這里分為西河、中河、東河,在古城里再分成更多的支流走街過(guò)巷,穿墻進(jìn)院,流遍全城,使麗江古城富有小橋流水人家的審美情趣。古城的街道、房屋隨著水勢(shì)、山勢(shì)自然伸展,與我國(guó)許多古城的方正嚴(yán)整的棋盤式布局迥然不同,更體現(xiàn)出一種“天人合一”的園林之美。以水為脈的布局也告訴我們,如果哪位朋友在古城中迷了路,那么,只要逆流而上就能走出古城,走到入口這里。下面就請(qǐng)大家跟我沿著西河畔的新華街進(jìn)入古城吧! [五花石街道] 可能有的朋友已注意到我們腳下的鋪路石,這叫五花石。古城里鋪的都是這種美麗的砂礫石板,經(jīng)過(guò)千百年人馬的踩磨,已經(jīng)相當(dāng)光滑。這樣的街道旱不灰、雨不泥,如果是在陣雨過(guò)后進(jìn)古城,街道被雨水沖刷得干干凈凈,就像一條五彩斑斕的“花道”伸向遠(yuǎn)方,簡(jiǎn)直美不勝收。這種五花石是花崗石的一種,古城里鋪的都是這種石頭,難怪日本客人說(shuō):“你們麗江人真闊氣呀!” [小橋→流水→人家] 大家看,我們左邊是西河,它流向四方街,流向木府,我們的右邊是隨著山勢(shì)而建的納西民居。這里玉水瀅瀅,垂柳依依,木橋座座,瓦屋鱗鱗,一幅“小橋流水人家”的景色。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在古城3.8平方公里的范圍內(nèi)就有石拱橋、石板橋、櫟木橋365座。麗江古城既是一座水城,也是一座橋城。水,對(duì)古城來(lái)說(shuō),是脈絡(luò),是血液,水使古城充滿活力,水給古城平添秀色??梢哉f(shuō),沒(méi)有了水,麗江古城將失去一半的嫵媚。 游客們,在這古城里,除了這水給古城帶來(lái)活力外,還有一個(gè)給古城帶來(lái)活力的方面,那就是居民。直到今天,以納西族為主的各族人民仍然工作和生活在古城里。他們自然祥和的生活,使古城古風(fēng)猶存而又生機(jī)盎然,因此人們又把麗江古城譽(yù)為“活著的古城”。大家隨時(shí)可以見(jiàn)到納西大媽們,身著寬腰大袖上衣,腰系百褶圍腰,背披七星羊皮,在經(jīng)商,在娛樂(lè)。她們年輕時(shí)披星戴月地勞作,現(xiàn)在則老有所為,老有所樂(lè)。她們有時(shí)在古城中聯(lián)袂而行,成為與古城十分和諧的一道風(fēng)景,請(qǐng)各位注意觀察。 [四方街] 游客們,現(xiàn)在我們到了四方街。四方街是古城的中心廣場(chǎng),它是由成排連接的鋪面圍成的一塊近似長(zhǎng)方形的廣場(chǎng)街面,街場(chǎng)占地約有6畝。為什么叫四方街,主要有兩種說(shuō)法:一種說(shuō)法是因?yàn)閺V場(chǎng)的形狀很像方形的知府大印,由土司取名叫四方街,取“權(quán)鎮(zhèn)四方”之意。也有人說(shuō)是因?yàn)檫@里的道路通向四面八方,是四面八方的人流、物流集散地,所以叫四方街。四方街為什么這樣有名呢?如果說(shuō)我國(guó)北方有一條世界聞名的貿(mào)易通道——絲綢之路的話,那么,我國(guó)南方也有一條被稱為“茶馬古道”的貿(mào)易通道,它是藏區(qū)以及麗江的馬匹、毛皮、藥材等特產(chǎn)和南方的茶葉、絲綢、珠寶等商品的一條貿(mào)易通道,麗江古城是茶馬古道上的重鎮(zhèn),而四方街則是這個(gè)重鎮(zhèn)的貿(mào)易中心。 古往今來(lái),白天,這里商賈云集,買賣興隆,并且自然地歸行劃市,連周圍的幾座橋都成了一些商品的專賣地,如科貢坊前的這座橋叫“賣豌豆橋”,西南角的這座橋叫“賣鴨蛋橋”。到了夜晚,特別是節(jié)日的夜晚,這里又成了各族兒女的歌壇舞池,人們?nèi)计痼艋穑谶@里對(duì)唱山歌,跳起鍋莊、阿麗哩、蘆笙舞,通宵達(dá)旦。如果你巧逢這樣的盛會(huì),也會(huì)情不自禁地加入到他們的行列中。明代木公土司的詩(shī)句“一匝蘆笙吹未斷、踏歌起舞月明中”,就是這種盛況的真實(shí)寫(xiě)照。 也許大家已注意到四方街并不水平,而是向東稍有傾斜,這是為什么呢?四方街就如納西諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō)的,是個(gè)除了雞轡頭什么都有賣的熱鬧集市,沒(méi)幾天就會(huì)有許多垃圾,古城又沒(méi)有固定的清潔工,古城人民就根據(jù)地勢(shì),巧妙地利用西河水自然沖洗街場(chǎng)。做法是:下午集市散了,人們就用三塊鋪板在街頭河上一閘,西河水就漫上河岸流向街場(chǎng),四周店鋪的主人則用棍子乘著水勢(shì)挑撥,污水流入東河,去灌溉千頃農(nóng)田。利用河水自流洗街,既干凈,又免了掃地之勞,這在我國(guó)的城市中恐怕是絕無(wú)僅有的。 [科貢坊] 這是科貢坊,原來(lái)是為這個(gè)小巷里楊家的“一門三舉”而建的。麗江在清朝的雍正元年,也就是公元1723年實(shí)行“改土歸流”,即由原來(lái)的土司統(tǒng)治改變?yōu)橛芍醒胝傻挠幸欢ㄈ纹诘牧鞴俳y(tǒng)治,麗江從此就由封建領(lǐng)主社會(huì)進(jìn)入了封建地主社會(huì)。社會(huì)制度的變革極大地激發(fā)了民間子弟的讀書(shū)熱情,從“改土歸流”到清末廢除科舉180年的時(shí)間里,麗江先后出了六十幾位舉人和七位進(jìn)士。“一門三舉”在文化發(fā)達(dá)的中原地區(qū)不足為奇,可在麗江這樣一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期由土司統(tǒng)治的邊疆少數(shù)民族地區(qū),卻是一樁具有轟動(dòng)效應(yīng)的大喜事,于是官府和民眾捐資在這里建了一座兩層的科貢坊。清朝末年,這個(gè)小巷里又出了麗江最后一位進(jìn)士和庚吉,于是鄉(xiāng)親們?cè)诒粺龤Ш蟮脑飞现亟曝暦?,并且升為三層。?shí)際上,從“改土歸流”到清末取消科舉,光古城就有兩家“一門三舉”?,F(xiàn)在,人口只有三十多萬(wàn)的納西族,卻擁有成百的專家教授;每年的高考錄取人數(shù),按人口平均數(shù)在省內(nèi)也一直名列前茅。可以說(shuō),納西族是一個(gè)崇尚文化、善于學(xué)習(xí)的民族。好了,大家可以在四方街活動(dòng)30分鐘,也可以買一些土特產(chǎn)和紀(jì)念品,30分鐘后在這里集合。下面我們前往“納西四合院”參觀。 [納西民居→四季博古] 納西族的善于學(xué)習(xí)也反映在古城的民居建設(shè)上。古城民居在廣泛吸收漢、白、藏等民族建筑文化的同時(shí),也把本民族的建筑文化和審美意識(shí)融其中,形成了許多具有納西特色的三房一照壁、四合五天井、前后院、一進(jìn)兩院等等,并在門樓、前廊的設(shè)置和天井鋪地、門窗隔扇等方面形成了濃郁的地方特色和民族特色。目前,整個(gè)麗江古城(包括白沙、束河)的重點(diǎn)保護(hù)民居共有140戶,而大研古城里就有112戶?,F(xiàn)在我們就進(jìn)入“納西四合院”參觀。這是四合五天井,四合就是東南西北四方房屋,每相鄰兩房之間有一個(gè)小天井,加上中間的大天井共有五個(gè)天井,所以叫四合五天井。這四方房屋的樓上樓下都是相通的,所以又叫“走馬轉(zhuǎn)角樓”。大家看,這四方房屋的前檐柱下都?jí)|有很高的五花石柱礎(chǔ),既保護(hù)了柱腳,又很美觀,卻不利于房屋的防震抗震,而麗江可是一個(gè)多地震區(qū)啊!主人難道不懂得這一點(diǎn)嗎?大家說(shuō)呢?原來(lái),這種“走馬轉(zhuǎn)角樓”有一個(gè)特點(diǎn),就是相鄰兩房有一棵前檐柱是共用的,兩房的山架斗在同一棵柱子上,建筑上稱之為“同梁合柱”。這種結(jié)構(gòu),不僅省了一棵柱子,還使房屋間的連接更加牢固,具有良好的抗震性能,所以主人才用那么高的柱礎(chǔ)。 如果問(wèn)這個(gè)四合院里哪一部分最富有納西特色,那就是堂屋的六合門和六合門上的窗芯——“四季博古”。雖說(shuō)這些也是學(xué)習(xí)漢族、白族文化的結(jié)果,但是到了現(xiàn)在,已沒(méi)有哪一個(gè)民族像納西族這樣居家必有六合門,必有四季博古。這六合門,可裝可卸,方便靈活,開(kāi)則為門,關(guān)則為窗,平時(shí)只開(kāi)中間兩扇,遇有紅白二事、客人較多時(shí),六扇門均可卸下來(lái)。所雕的窗芯稱為四季博古,構(gòu)圖內(nèi)容多為四季花卉、博古器物,以寄托納西人民四季吉祥、福祿壽禧、耕讀傳家的美好意愿。大家看,這叫“松鶴同春”,寓“春”和“壽”;這是“喜鵲爭(zhēng)梅”,寓“冬”和“禧”;這是“鷹立菊叢”,寓“秋”和“?!?這是“鷺鷥采蓮”,寓“夏”和“祿”;這是“孔雀玉蘭”、“錦雞牡丹”,請(qǐng)大家展開(kāi)聯(lián)想,看看它們有何寓意。 [麗江紫禁城“木府”] 現(xiàn)在我們就順著木府的護(hù)城河前往木府。姓木的土司曾統(tǒng)治麗江四百多年,在占盡天時(shí)地利的獅子山麓,營(yíng)造了規(guī)模宏大的土司府衙,被人們稱為木府,護(hù)城河從北、東、南三面環(huán)繞著木府。大家會(huì)說(shuō),這也算護(hù)城河嗎?原來(lái)護(hù)城河是又寬又深的,“改土歸流”后,隨著土司勢(shì)力的衰落,護(hù)城河就越來(lái)越小了。 麗江古城還有一奇,那就是古城沒(méi)有城墻,這是為什么呢?請(qǐng)大家回答。我來(lái)提示一下:土司姓木,而且歷代土司熱心于學(xué)習(xí)漢文化,也講究文字避諱,請(qǐng)大家從漢字上去考慮。對(duì)了,木家居住的地方如果筑了城墻,就如同“木”字加了個(gè)框,成了“困”字,這當(dāng)然不行。還有別的什么原因,就請(qǐng)大家見(jiàn)仁見(jiàn)智,議論一番吧! 木府快到了,我們面前的這座木牌坊上寫(xiě)著什么?“天雨流芳”,對(duì)。這“天雨流芳”四個(gè)字,原是明代的木公土司寫(xiě)的,后來(lái)散佚,現(xiàn)在我們看到的,是納西族書(shū)法家、云南省書(shū)法家協(xié)會(huì)主席李群杰先生補(bǔ)書(shū)的。這四個(gè)字,既可以用漢語(yǔ)解釋,同時(shí)它又是一句納西話。用漢語(yǔ)可解釋為“皇恩浩蕩像春雨一樣滋潤(rùn)著神州大地”;在納西語(yǔ)里,“天雨流芳”是“去看書(shū)吧”的意思,真可謂一語(yǔ)雙意,別出心裁。 木府到了。據(jù)說(shuō)木府是仿照北京紫禁城建造的,這種僭越本分的做法,在等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的古代是決不允許的,因此,木氏土司從不讓外人進(jìn)去,連徐霞客也不例外。徐霞客受木增土司的邀請(qǐng),在1639年明朝末期來(lái)到麗江,遠(yuǎn)望著樓閣巍峨的木府,在他的《徐霞客游記》里寫(xiě)下了“宮室之麗、擬于王者”的感嘆,這句話已寫(xiě)在東邊的照壁上。 這座石拱橋形似馬鞍,叫金鞍橋,又叫玉帶橋。這座橋之特殊在于它的長(zhǎng)寬之比,一般的石拱橋,長(zhǎng)比寬要長(zhǎng),這座橋則不然,它長(zhǎng)僅3米,寬卻達(dá)9.6米,這是為什么呢?原來(lái)木氏土司出巡或者回府,總是八抬大轎以示顯赫威嚴(yán),橋太窄當(dāng)然不行,還同時(shí)考慮到這橋與高大的忠義坊之間的呼應(yīng)協(xié)調(diào)。 木氏土司對(duì)中央政府忠心耿耿,上貢不斷,特別是明朝萬(wàn)歷年間,據(jù)說(shuō)木增土司曾用馬幫馱著萬(wàn)兩金銀,萬(wàn)里迢迢到京城進(jìn)貢,明神宗大受感動(dòng),欽賜“忠義”二字,并下圣旨建這忠義石牌坊。土司對(duì)朝廷的忠義還可以從木府大門的對(duì)聯(lián)上看出來(lái),“鳳詔每來(lái)紅日近,鶴書(shū)不到白云閑”。這副對(duì)聯(lián)來(lái)自木泰土司所寫(xiě)的納西族第一首漢文詩(shī)《兩關(guān)使節(jié)》,意思是皇帝的詔書(shū)一來(lái),就好像離太陽(yáng)更近了,感到十分溫暖;如果好久沒(méi)接到朝廷的文書(shū),那么,就覺(jué)得天上的白云都懶散了。請(qǐng)大家進(jìn)木府參觀。 [仁壽橋→大石橋→阿溢璨] 現(xiàn)在我們前往百歲坊、大石橋、阿溢璨游覽。大家看,在臨街的房屋中,有的不是正面朝街,而是山墻一面朝街,對(duì)這一點(diǎn),與梁思成齊名的我國(guó)著名建筑學(xué)家劉敦楨教授1938年來(lái)麗江考察時(shí)曾給予很高的評(píng)價(jià)。請(qǐng)大家想一想山面朝街的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。由于中式建筑不太高大,屋坡又長(zhǎng),如果正面朝街則采光不足,所以山面朝街的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是采光好。 仁壽橋到了。這是中河,這里本來(lái)只有櫟木橋,清朝后期這個(gè)巷道里一戶納西人家出現(xiàn)過(guò)一位長(zhǎng)壽老人,叫年世光,他活了108歲,一時(shí)傳為佳話。于是,官府和街坊捐銀建了這座仁壽橋,又叫百歲坊橋,并在東邊五六十米處建過(guò)一座木制的百歲坊,這個(gè)巷道也就叫百歲坊了。 現(xiàn)在我們到了大石橋。這座橋建于明代,已有五六百年的歷史。它是古城中最大的石拱橋,是古城的東、西兩個(gè)部分的交通要道。“大石橋”名符其實(shí),它又是四方街集市的延伸,曾經(jīng)是麻布的專賣地,所以又叫賣麻布橋。 游到這里,大家對(duì)古城可算是一飽眼福啦。如果大家還想一飽口福的話,可別忘了抽個(gè)時(shí)間到附近的街巷里品嘗麗江粑粑和雞豆涼粉,它們可是麗江最著名的風(fēng)味小吃。您既可以來(lái)個(gè)麗江粑粑酥油茶,或者來(lái)一個(gè)麗江粑粑雞豆涼粉,這雞豆涼粉還可以趁熱蘸粑粑,也可以涼拌了吃。不論哪種吃法,都能讓你余香滿口,回味不已。 現(xiàn)在我們前往阿溢璨。麗江古城開(kāi)始是由中河兩岸的若干村落發(fā)展、連接而成,阿溢璨是最早的村落之一。我們面前的泉水井叫阿溢璨水井,井水甘冽純凈,據(jù)說(shuō)還有養(yǎng)顏益壽的功效。井旁的碗是為方便行人喝水而放置的,由此也可以看出麗江民風(fēng)之淳樸。在過(guò)去,古城里有鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民約,晚上十點(diǎn)前后到第二天的早上十點(diǎn)前后,是居民到河里打飲用水的時(shí)間,任何人不得在河里浣洗或扔垃圾。假如過(guò)了這段時(shí)間還要打飲用水,就要到散布在古城中的單眼泉水井或三眼井里去打,這就保證了古城居民的生活用水。 [大研古樂(lè)會(huì)→東巴宮] 我們左邊東大街有著名的大研古樂(lè)會(huì)和東巴宮,他們的古樂(lè)演奏各有特色。麗江目前有十幾支這樣的古樂(lè)隊(duì)活躍在城鄉(xiāng)。這里演奏的古樂(lè)分為“白沙細(xì)樂(lè)”和“麗江洞經(jīng)音樂(lè)”兩個(gè)部分?!鞍咨臣?xì)樂(lè)”是土生土長(zhǎng)的納西音樂(lè),是我國(guó)四大古樂(lè)之一,有篤、一封書(shū)、三思吉等調(diào)子,曲調(diào)舒緩深沉,纏綿悱惻?!胞惤唇?jīng)音樂(lè)”原來(lái)是宮廷和道教音樂(lè),有一江風(fēng)、山坡羊、水龍吟等曲牌,由于麗江特殊的地理位置和納西人民對(duì)古樂(lè)的鐘愛(ài),許多在中原地區(qū)已經(jīng)失傳的曲牌,卻在云嶺深處的麗江保存了下來(lái)。經(jīng)過(guò)在麗江幾百年的流傳,已具有比較濃郁的納西韻味,所以叫“麗江洞經(jīng)音樂(lè)”。納西古樂(lè)的演奏以“三古”著稱于世。哪三古呢?古樂(lè)曲、古樂(lè)器、古稀老人。在古樂(lè)演奏中,除了傳統(tǒng)的笛子、云鑼、古箏等等以外,還有波伯、蘇古篤等在外地難得一見(jiàn)的古樂(lè)器,加上演奏者多是白髯飄飄的耄耋老人。在古色古香的氛圍里聆聽(tīng)古樂(lè),會(huì)覺(jué)得古風(fēng)拂面,超凡脫俗,油然而生“此曲只應(yīng)天上有、人間哪得幾回聞”的感覺(jué),從而起到陶冶情操、凈化靈魂的作用。今晚我們要去聆聽(tīng)納西古樂(lè),到時(shí)候再作詳細(xì)介紹。 過(guò)去,這附近有許多客棧,有的專門接待茶馬古道上往來(lái)的藏族馬幫。有馬幫就得有草料,我們面前的這塊空地叫賣草場(chǎng),這里既賣騾馬的草料,也賣編草席草鞋的稻草、山草等等。這條街上有好幾家土特產(chǎn)和木雕商店,歡迎大家參觀選購(gòu)。 現(xiàn)在我們已走到了東河邊。大家還可順道去東大街參觀“金鑰匙文化宮”與“和志剛書(shū)齋”。 [金鑰匙文化宮] 在古城東大街“金鑰匙文化宮”內(nèi)掛著一把巨型鑰匙,它是20__年為麗江古城列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)5周年而做的,純銅打制,高20__毫米,寬716毫米,厚72毫米,重800余斤,象征著麗江古城800多年的歷史。鑰匙手柄正面刻有世界文化遺產(chǎn)標(biāo)識(shí),標(biāo)識(shí)右下刻有金鑰匙的納西象形文字,左有音譯“涵紫谷”字樣,再往下是納西族東巴祭司頭上戴的五幅冠示意圖案,也是暗喻麗江古城曲折的街道水系。馱載巨型鑰匙的神龜象征健康長(zhǎng)壽,顯得穩(wěn)重如山,也象征“涵紫谷”這一納西文化的厚重和悠遠(yuǎn)。 “麗江金鑰匙”是由麗江嘉和有限公司于20__年8月8日投資260萬(wàn)元開(kāi)發(fā)研制,并獲國(guó)家專利的麗江標(biāo)志性旅游紀(jì)念品。目前投放市場(chǎng)的金鑰匙,已有純金、純銅、純銀、銅合金、銀渡金等不同質(zhì)地、不同規(guī)格、不同包裝的二十多種產(chǎn)品。近年來(lái),麗江嘉和公司還把“金鑰匙”作為一種對(duì)人的夸獎(jiǎng)和評(píng)價(jià),獎(jiǎng)給那些能干的人和長(zhǎng)壽的人。 [和志剛書(shū)齋] 和志剛是納西族殘疾人書(shū)法家,被譽(yù)為口書(shū)奇才。他的口書(shū)作品筆墨渾厚酣暢,獨(dú)具“雄鷹折翅、志在藍(lán)天”的風(fēng)格。和志剛于1968年出生在麗江白沙古鎮(zhèn)一戶納西農(nóng)家,11歲時(shí)不慎觸電,導(dǎo)致雙臂高位截肢,但他人如其名,志堅(jiān)毅剛,投入多于常人數(shù)倍的努力讀完高中,同時(shí)用常人難以想象的毅力苦練書(shū)法,用嘴咬住筆桿,練出一“口”好書(shū)法。和志剛于20__年榮獲“中國(guó)第十四屆全國(guó)十大杰出青年”稱號(hào),位于古城東大街的“和志剛書(shū)齋”也被列為麗江市青少年教育基地。 [世界遺產(chǎn)麗江古城標(biāo)志碑] 這座標(biāo)志碑的整體造型以納西族東巴文的“人”字為基礎(chǔ),碑上嵌著世界遺產(chǎn)徽記和納西族神話傳說(shuō)中人類始祖的造像,突出“以人為本、創(chuàng)造歷史”的寓意,體現(xiàn)“各族兒女與山河日月同輝”的主題。東巴經(jīng)《崇搬圖》中說(shuō),經(jīng)過(guò)洪水浩劫之后,世間僅有崇忍利恩一人存活下來(lái),后來(lái)他與天界仙女襯紅褒白成婚,并從天上帶著谷種、牛馬,來(lái)到麗江過(guò)上農(nóng)耕生活。襯紅褒白生了三個(gè)兒子,長(zhǎng)子說(shuō)的是藏族話,次子說(shuō)納西話,三子說(shuō)白族話,他們分別成了藏族、納西族、白族的祖先。 游客們,今天我們跨過(guò)了古城的西河、中河、東河,不,我們跨過(guò)了上千年的時(shí)間隧道,從“清明上河圖”中走了出來(lái),即將匯入現(xiàn)代都市的車水馬龍,希望麗江古城的小橋流水美景和豐富的民族文化給大家留下美好的記憶,也感謝大家對(duì)我工作的支持,謝謝大家。 麗江導(dǎo)游詞4 麗江古城位于中國(guó)西南部云南省的麗江市,麗江古城又名大研鎮(zhèn),坐落在麗江壩中部,與同為第二批國(guó)家歷史文化名城的四川閬中、山西平遙、安徽歙縣并稱為“保存最為完好的四大古城”大研古城是一座沒(méi)有城墻的古城,光滑潔凈的青石板路、完全手工建造的土木結(jié)構(gòu)的房屋、無(wú)處不在的小橋流水。大研古城是一座具有濃烈人文氣息的小城,明亮的陽(yáng)光下,總會(huì)有步履緩慢的上了年紀(jì)的納西老人悠閑地踱步,他們身著藏滿歷史的靛藍(lán)色衣服,頭戴紅軍時(shí)期的八角帽,對(duì)眼前身后獵奇的目光視而不見(jiàn)、不屑一顧。 麗江古城內(nèi)的街道依山傍水修建,鋪的大多都是紅色角礫巖,雨季不會(huì)泥濘、旱季也不會(huì)飛灰,石上花紋圖案自然雅致,與整個(gè)古城環(huán)境相得益彰。位于古城中心的四方街是麗江古城的中心,位于古城與新城交界處的大水車是麗江古城的標(biāo)志,古城大水車旁有一塊大屏幕,每日播放的歌曲即是古城最受歡迎最有特色的歌曲,其中《納西凈地》是較為出名的歌曲之一。關(guān)于英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文二
關(guān)于英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文三
關(guān)于英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文四
關(guān)于英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文五
關(guān)于英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文六
關(guān)于英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文七
關(guān)于英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文八
關(guān)于英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文九
您可能關(guān)注的文檔
- 2023年焊接實(shí)訓(xùn)工作報(bào)告范文(實(shí)用9篇)
- 拒絕毒品安全演講稿范文(大全15篇)
- 最新精彩的瞬間六年級(jí)范文(優(yōu)秀10篇)
- 2023年大一大學(xué)生規(guī)劃(實(shí)用13篇)
- 2023年低保調(diào)查報(bào)告范文范本(優(yōu)秀9篇)
- 英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文 英文會(huì)議紀(jì)要范文模板(7篇)
- 最新讀書(shū)交流會(huì)發(fā)言講話(大全13篇)
- 教師實(shí)習(xí)情況總結(jié)匯報(bào)通用(模板20篇)
- 張愛(ài)玲散文摘抄張愛(ài)玲短篇散文2(模板14篇)
- 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)圖表范文通用 大學(xué)圖表類英語(yǔ)作文模板(6篇)
- 探索平面設(shè)計(jì)師工作總結(jié)的重要性(匯總14篇)
- 平面設(shè)計(jì)師工作總結(jié)體會(huì)與收獲大全(20篇)
- 平面設(shè)計(jì)師工作總結(jié)的實(shí)用指南(熱門18篇)
- 免費(fèi)個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷電子版模板(優(yōu)秀12篇)
- 個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷電子版免費(fèi)模板推薦(通用20篇)
- 免費(fèi)個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷電子版制作教程(模板17篇)
- 學(xué)校貧困補(bǔ)助申請(qǐng)書(shū)(通用23篇)
- 學(xué)校貧困補(bǔ)助申請(qǐng)書(shū)的重要性范文(19篇)
- 學(xué)校貧困補(bǔ)助申請(qǐng)書(shū)的核心要點(diǎn)(專業(yè)16篇)
- 學(xué)校貧困補(bǔ)助申請(qǐng)書(shū)的申請(qǐng)流程(熱門18篇)
- 法制教育講座心得體會(huì)大全(17篇)
- 教育工作者的超市工作總結(jié)與計(jì)劃(模板18篇)
- 教學(xué)秘書(shū)的工作總結(jié)案例(專業(yè)13篇)
- 教師的超市工作總結(jié)與計(jì)劃(精選18篇)
- 單位趣味運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)總結(jié)(模板21篇)
- 禮品店創(chuàng)業(yè)計(jì)劃書(shū)的重要性(實(shí)用16篇)
- 消防隊(duì)月度工作總結(jié)報(bào)告(熱門18篇)
- 工藝技術(shù)員工作總結(jié)(專業(yè)18篇)
- 大學(xué)學(xué)生會(huì)秘書(shū)處工作總結(jié)(模板22篇)
- 醫(yī)院科秘書(shū)工作總結(jié)(專業(yè)14篇)
相關(guān)文檔
-
會(huì) 議 記錄英 文 范文 (模板10篇)23下載數(shù) 973閱讀數(shù) -
最新
英 文 會(huì) 議 紀(jì)要范文 通用(匯總10篇)13下載數(shù) 559閱讀數(shù) -
2023年論
英 雄議 論文 600字 論英 雄議 論文 結(jié)尾(十篇)34下載數(shù) 198閱讀數(shù) -
英 文 會(huì) 議 紀(jì)要范文 范本會(huì) 議 紀(jì)要英 文 模板(五篇)36下載數(shù) 569閱讀數(shù) -
英 文 會(huì) 議 紀(jì)要范文 英 文 會(huì) 議 紀(jì)要范文 及格式(7篇)44下載數(shù) 596閱讀數(shù) -
英 文 會(huì) 議 紀(jì)要范文 英 文 會(huì) 議 紀(jì)要范文 及格式(9篇)49下載數(shù) 427閱讀數(shù) -
英 文 會(huì) 議 紀(jì)要范文 英 文 會(huì) 議 紀(jì)要范文 模板(7篇)36下載數(shù) 174閱讀數(shù) -
商務(wù)
會(huì) 議 英 語(yǔ)范文 商務(wù)會(huì) 議 英 語(yǔ)作文 (六篇)29下載數(shù) 612閱讀數(shù)