從某件事情上得到收獲以后,寫一篇心得體會,記錄下來,這么做可以讓我們不斷思考不斷進步。我們?nèi)绾尾拍軐懙靡黄獌?yōu)質(zhì)的心得體會呢?下面我給大家整理了一些心得體會范文,希望能夠幫助到大家。
關于沈陽科技館調(diào)研心得體會和方法一
首先,我告訴大家,注意的變亂。第一,大家要緊跟我身后,沒有要走拾了。第兩,要在劃定的光陰內(nèi)亂爭集開,假如找沒有到了,請撥打我的手機。第三,沒有要治扔器材,講衛(wèi)生。第四,堅持安靜,沒有要大喊大叫。好了,出收了。
沈陽故宮是中國現(xiàn)存僅次于南京故宮的最完整的皇宮修建。在修建藝術(shù)上承襲了中國今代修建的傳統(tǒng),集漢、滿、蒙族藝術(shù)為一體,具備很高的”"汗青”"以及藝術(shù)價格。
大家看,這座占地六萬仄方米的今修建群始修于625年,修成于1636年,齊部修建90余所,300余間。清朝入閉后對盛京皇宮又舉行了回護以及擴修,到坤隆時基本相成古日規(guī)模。
大家看,沈陽故宮那金龍蟠柱的太政殿、崇政殿,排如雁行的十王亭、萬宇炕心袋房的清寧宮,今樸典俗的文朔閣,和鳳凰樓等高臺修建。在中國宮殿修建史上,絕無唯一;那機富滿族情調(diào)的“宮高殿低”的修建作風,更是“別無分號”。
沈陽老鄉(xiāng)內(nèi)亂爭的大街號“井”字形,故宮就設在“井”字形大街的中央,占地6萬仄方米,現(xiàn)有今修建114座。次要修建有大政殿,十王亭、大清門、崇政殿、鳳凰樓、清寧宮、文溯閣等。大政殿是用去入行諸如揭曉詔書、戎行出征、迎接將士班師以及皇帝即位等大典之處。十王亭則是右左翼王以及八旗大臣干事之處。這種君臣開署干事于宮廷的現(xiàn)象,表現(xiàn)了”"創(chuàng)業(yè)”"早期君臣仄等的汗青,也是從打世界到坐世界的君臣仄等的延續(xù)。到了進閉后,從南京故宮合始,這種仄等被逐漸突破,最終形成了高高在上的君王。
二端高聳的修建是沈陽故宮里僅有的煙囪。故宮里每一個房間的炕火都從地下的通敘匯聚到這個煙囪里,這是他們金甌無缺的思想的象征。這個煙囪共有11級,最下面一級只需三塊磚構(gòu)成。導游說,這個金甌無缺的煙囪反而成了清朝的讖語:清朝共有11位皇帝,最后的宣統(tǒng)帝只作了三年江山,等于那三塊磚的預示。想當年努爾哈赤在建修這個金甌無缺煙囪的時候,假如早知云云,一定會加多幾層吧?!
上面,請大家自由觀光。三個小時后在這里定時集開。
關于沈陽科技館調(diào)研心得體會和方法二
沈陽故宮是中國現(xiàn)存的兩座古代帝王宮殿之一,也是舉世僅存的滿族風格宮殿建筑群,具有很高的歷史價值、文化價值和藝術(shù)價值。20__年,聯(lián)合國教科文組織正式將沈陽故宮列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。
沈陽故宮位于沈陽老城中心,初建時叫“盛京宮闕”,清遷都北京后又稱“陪都宮殿”、“留都宮殿”,并被尊為“國初圣跡”。 它始建于1625年(后金天命十年),基本建成于1636年(崇德元年),是清太祖努爾哈赤和太宗皇太極營造和使用過的宮殿。清世祖福臨也在這里繼位稱帝,改元順治,并于當年入關,統(tǒng)治全國。清王朝入主中原后,康熙、乾隆、嘉慶、道光等皇帝曾先后10次“東巡”盛京祭祖,都到此“恭瞻”,或駐蹕處理朝政和舉行盛大慶典,并有所擴建。沈陽故宮是清王朝定鼎中原前在東北地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治中心,也是清統(tǒng)一全國后東北地區(qū)的政治和經(jīng)濟中心。最后完成于1783年(乾隆48年)。
沈陽故宮占地6萬多平方米,全部建筑100余所500多間。按其布局分為三部分,即東路、中路和西路。東路建筑為努爾哈赤時期所建,有濃郁的民族特色;中路建筑主要是皇太極時期所建,曾演繹過許多歷史故事;西路建筑建于清乾隆年間,以儲藏《四庫全書》而聞名。
[東路]
沈陽故宮東路建筑主要包括大政殿和十王亭。從建筑形式上看,它們都是“亭子式”建筑,好像11座“帳殿”依次排列在廣闊的廣場中。這種建筑形式脫胎于女真民族戎馬生涯中的帳殿,是游牧民族“帳殿”制在皇宮建筑上的反映。 大政殿俗稱八角殿,又叫“大衙門”、“篤恭殿”。它外高18米,是一座八角重檐攢尖頂“亭子式”建筑。大政殿作為17世紀初的建筑杰作,融匯了滿、漢、蒙、藏等多民族建筑的藝術(shù)風格,是沈陽故宮最著名的建筑之一。
十王亭又稱“八旗亭”,在廣場兩側(cè)呈八字形排開,每邊5個。從北自南,東邊分別為左翼王亭,鑲黃、正白、鑲白、正藍旗亭;西邊為右翼王亭,正黃、正紅、鑲紅、鑲藍旗亭。左右翼王亭是當時左右翼王辦公的地方。八旗亭是八旗旗主辦公的地方,也是在大政殿舉行朝會和典禮時各旗官員集結(jié)之處。這種建筑形式是以八旗制度為核心的軍政體制在宮殿建筑上的反映。(八旗制度是一種軍政合一,兵民一體的政治制度)
[中路]
中路的宮殿,中軸線上由南至北依次是大清門、崇政殿、鳳凰樓、清寧宮,兩側(cè)還有一些對稱式的附屬建筑。進入大清門,就進入了中路的第一進院落,東有飛龍閣,西有翔鳳閣。它們都是兩層,為五間九檁硬山式建筑,里面陳列著乾隆東巡時帶到沈陽故宮的樂器。
大清門俗稱午門,也是就故宮的正門,為五間硬山式建筑,是當時文武群臣侯朝的地方,也是清太宗皇太極接受群臣謝恩之處。當年,明朝著名將領洪承疇、祖大壽等降清后,就是跪在大清門前謝罪和請降,受到皇太極接見的。
崇政殿原名“正殿”,俗稱“金鑾殿”,崇德元年定名為“崇政殿”,是沈陽故宮中路最重要的建筑。是清太宗皇太極日常處理軍政要務、接見外國使臣和邊疆少數(shù)民族代表的地方。這里曾發(fā)生過許多重大歷史事件。1636年(天聰十年),皇太極在這里舉行登基大典,改國號為“大清”;1644年(順治元年)清遷都北京后,歷代皇帝東巡駐蹕期間都要在這里舉行謁陵禮成大典。
崇政殿為五間九檁硬山式建筑,它最有特點的地方是殿頂?shù)狞S琉璃瓦帶綠剪邊,現(xiàn)在殿內(nèi)陳設的是按照乾隆東巡時的面貌設置的。貼金雕龍扇面大屏風和金
龍寶座,是皇權(quán)至高無上的象征;
殿外月臺上東南角有“日晷”,它是利用太陽的投影和地球自轉(zhuǎn)的原理,借指針所產(chǎn)生的陰影的位置來顯示時間的;西南角有“嘉量亭”,它是我國古代的標準量器,含有統(tǒng)一度量衡的意義,象征國家的統(tǒng)一和強盛。月臺上還有四口大缸,都盛滿清水以防火災。古代稱它們是“門?!?,象征缸中水多似海,可鎮(zhèn)火災,所以又稱“吉祥缸”。
眼前這座建筑就是鳳凰樓,處于“前朝后寢”的中間,建在3.8米高的青磚臺基上,是一座三層歇山式建筑,原名叫翔鳳樓,是皇太極休息、宴會和讀書之所。清入關后,曾用以存放帝王的畫像、行樂圖及清初皇帝的玉璽。鳳凰樓正門上方懸掛的“紫氣東來”金字橫匾,是乾隆皇帝的御筆,意識是大清朝國力強盛的福氣是從東方的盛京來的,表達了清代皇帝對祖先創(chuàng)業(yè)之地的頂禮膜拜。下層的門洞是連接臺上、臺下的通道。鳳凰樓既是后宮的大門,又是當時盛京最高的建筑,所以有“鳳樓曉日”、“鳳樓觀塔”等傳稱,并被列為盛京八景之一。 第三進院落南起鳳凰樓,北至清寧宮,東西各有二宮,是一組典型的北方四合院建筑。這就是皇太極的后宮,為皇太極和后妃們的住所。
清寧宮原叫“正宮”,為五間硬山式前后廊式建筑,是沈陽故宮中最具滿族住宅特色的建筑。東一間是皇太極和孝端文皇后博爾及吉特氏的寢宮,稱“暖閣”;寢宮分為南北兩室,各有火炕,又稱“龍床”。1643年(崇德八年)皇太極就在南炕上“端坐無疾而終”,終年52歲,后葬于昭陵。西側(cè)三間通連,北、西、南三面搭成相連的環(huán)炕,稱為“萬字炕”,是帝后日常飲食起居及會見、宴請親眷的廳堂。門開在東面第二間南面,形如口袋,稱為“口袋房”。清寧宮的煙囪在清寧宮的后面,從地面壘砌,略低于房脊,從正面看不見,非常的有特點,一會繞過去就能看到。其“口袋房、萬字炕、煙囪出在地面上”的布局,反映了滿族民居獨特的建筑風格。
索倫干在清寧宮正門前的庭院南端,滿族人稱它為“神桿”。木桿下方上圓,底部鑲有石座,頂端安有錫斗,全部用紅漆涂染。它是滿族人用來祭天用的。祭天時,在錫斗內(nèi)放上五谷雜糧或豬的雜碎,以敬烏鴉,這反映了滿族薩滿教的靈禽崇拜觀念,據(jù)說也和烏鴉救主的觀念有關。
清寧宮兩側(cè)的東西配宮,都是皇太極和妃子們的居住之所。東配宮有關雎宮,衍慶宮,西配宮有麟趾宮和永福宮。四宮中以永福宮最為著名,1638年(崇德三年),清世祖福臨就出生在永福宮。
[西路]
沈陽故宮西路是為了適應皇帝東巡的需要而增建的一組建筑,主要有文溯閣、戲臺、嘉蔭堂和仰熙齋,套院相接,多而不亂,有較濃的文化氣息。
文溯閣建于1781年(乾隆四十六年)至1783年(乾隆四十八年),為西路建筑中的主體建筑,是仿照明代浙江寧波大藏書家范欽的“天一閣”修建的,專門用來收藏乾隆時期的編撰的大型圖書《四庫全書》,也是全國存放《四庫全書》的著名七閣之一。閣名是乾隆欽定的,因位于其“祖宗發(fā)祥之地”盛京,所起取“溯源求本”之意名為“文溯閣”?!端膸烊珪贩纸?jīng)、史、子、集四大部,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹,是我國古典文獻中的珍貴遺產(chǎn),對弘揚和傳播民族文化具有重要意義?!端膸烊珪饭部槍?部,其中一部就藏在“文溯閣”。1966年10月,基于備戰(zhàn)考慮,遼寧省將《四庫全書》等秘密運至蘭州,有移交到甘肅省圖書館保存。 文溯閣是硬山式建筑,面闊6間,外面看是重檐2層,在里面看則是3層,明顯帶有江南建筑的風格樣式。與沈陽故宮的其它建筑不同,文溯閣頂蓋上用的
是黑琉璃瓦綠剪邊,這在沈陽故宮中是獨一無二的。根據(jù)五行八卦之說,和代表水,書最忌火,以黑瓦為頂象征以水克火之意。
文溯閣后為仰熙齋,是皇帝讀書之所。閣前宮門外有嘉蔭堂,左右有出廊,南面有戲臺,是乾隆、嘉慶時期皇帝東巡賞戲的場所。
關于沈陽科技館調(diào)研心得體會和方法三
北陵又稱清昭陵是清朝第二代開國君主太宗皇太極以及孝端文皇后博樂濟吉特氏的陵墓,占地面積 16萬平方米,是清初“關外三陵”中規(guī)模最大、氣勢最宏偉的一座。位于沈陽(盛京)古城北約十華里,因此也稱“北陵”,是清代皇家陵寢和現(xiàn)代園林合一的游覽勝地。園內(nèi)古松參天,草木蔥蘢,湖水蕩漾,樓殿威嚴,金瓦奪目,充分顯示出皇家陵園的雄偉、壯麗和現(xiàn)代園林的清雅、秀美。昭陵除了葬有帝后外,還葬有關睢宮宸妃、麟趾宮貴妃、洐慶宮淑妃等一批后妃佳麗,是清初關外陵寢中最具代表性的一座帝陵,是我國現(xiàn)存最完整的古代帝王陵墓建筑之一。
昭陵始建于清崇德八年(1643年),至順治八年(1651年)基本建成,后歷經(jīng)多次改建和增修而呈現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模。陵寢建筑的平面布局遵循“前朝后寢”的陵寢原則自南向北由前、中、后三個部分組成,其主體建筑都建在中軸線上,兩側(cè)對稱排列,系仿自明朝皇陵而又具有滿族陵寢的特點。
昭陵全陵占地18萬平方米,共分三大部分。由南至北依次為:前部,從下馬碑到正紅門,包括華表、石獅、石牌坊、更衣廳、宰牲廳;中部,從正紅門到方城,包括華表、石象生、碑樓和祭祀用房;后部,是方城、月牙城和寶城,這是陵寢的主體。
方城正門稱為隆恩門,上有門樓。方城四角有角樓。方城內(nèi)有隆恩殿、東西配殿、東西晾果房和焚帛亭。隆恩殿后面有二柱門、石五供和券洞門,券洞頂端是大明樓。方城之后是月牙城和寶城,在寶城中心,上為寶頂,下為地宮。寶城后面是隆業(yè)山,登山俯視,陵園風光可盡收眼底。
昭陵前部在繚墻外,參道兩側(cè)有華表、石獅、更衣亭等,而正中是牌樓。牌樓是前部主體建筑,系青石建成,四柱三層,雕刻得玲瓏剔透,精美無雙,為罕見的藝術(shù)珍品。游罷牌樓,即可至正紅門,這是游中部的開始。正紅門為繚墻的正南門,層樓高聳,十分莊嚴,而其兩翼所裝飾的五色琉璃蟠龍壁,因造形生動,更引人注目。正紅門內(nèi)的參道兩旁,有華表、石獸和大望柱,它們兩兩相對。既整飭又肅穆。石獸中最值得欣賞的是"大白"和"小白"。這兩匹石馬形象逼真,栩栩若生,據(jù)說是以墓主生前最愛騎的兩匹駿馬為原型雕琢而成。欣賞罷石馬,即可至碑亭。碑亭與正紅門相對,為頌揚墓主而建,里面所豎碑稱"昭陵神功圣德碑"。
出碑亭即至隆恩門。隆恩門是方城的正南門,與碑亭相對。方城為后部,它建造得如同城池一般,位于繚墻,仿佛是城中之城。游方城先要游隆恩殿。隆恩殿居于方城中心,前有隆恩門,后有明樓,左右有配殿,四隅有角樓,猶如眾星拱月一般,故顯得異常雄偉。隆恩殿以雕刻精美的花崗巖臺階為底座,以金光閃閃的黃琉璃瓦為屋頂,再加上畫棟雕梁、金匾紅墻,故又顯得異常華麗。隆恩殿后經(jīng)過明樓,即可至寶城。寶城在方城北端,為月牙形。寶城又稱寶頂,其下即地宮,安置著墓主夫婦的棺槨和陪葬品。登上寶頂,向四下一望,綠樹環(huán)合,景色清幽,宛若置身于城市山林中,一種恬適之感油然而生。
民國十六年五月(1920xx年),以陵寢為中心辟為“北陵公園”,如今占地面積332萬平方米。其總體規(guī)劃是以陵寢為中心,分陵寢、陵前和陵后三部分。園內(nèi)的自然景觀千姿百態(tài),五彩繽紛,其中芳秀園是北陵公園的園中園,總面積4萬平方米,種植了近 200種植物,四季分呈,各具特色。初春櫻花盛開,滿園飄香;盛夏荷花競放,柳浪聞鶯;深秋滿山紅葉,層林盡染;寒冬銀裝素裹,蒼松挺拔??v觀整個園林,春有花,夏有陰,秋有果,冬有青,奇花異石,小橋流水,頗有江南之秀。園內(nèi)建筑與景觀巧妙結(jié)合,用中國傳統(tǒng)園林建筑藝術(shù)將自然美和人工美合為一體,構(gòu)成了一幅天然畫卷,吸引大量的中外游客來此參觀。北陵公園擁有30萬平方米的人工湖水面,夏天碧波蕩漾,柳岸成蔭,乘坐腳踏船、快艇觀光游玩,泛舟湖上,別有一番情趣?,F(xiàn)在北陵公園已是聞名中外的旅游景區(qū)。現(xiàn)為國家重點文物保護單位。
參觀罷隆恩殿,經(jīng)過明樓,即可至寶城。寶城在方城北端,為月牙形。寶城又稱寶頂,其下即地宮,安置著墓主夫婦的棺槨和陪葬品。登上寶頂,向四下一望,綠樹環(huán)合,景色清幽,宛若置身于城市山林中,一種恬適之感油然而生。現(xiàn)在昭陵已辟為北陵公園。
昭陵的另一特色是漫漫數(shù)里的古松群?,F(xiàn)存古松二千余棵,松齡達三百多年,搖曳挺拔,參天敝日。這些蒼翠的陵松在金瓦紅墻中構(gòu)成昭陵又一壯麗景觀,其中的“神樹”、“鳳凰樹”、“夫妻樹”、“姐妹樹”、“龜樹”等更是別具特色。
沈陽昭陵古老的歷史、神秘的皇陵、千姿百態(tài)的自然景觀,成為數(shù)以萬計的中外游客為之心曠神怡、流連忘返的瀏覽勝地,亦成為世界各國人民了解中國、了解沈陽的窗口.
zhao mausoleum called clear zhaoling is the second generation of the founding emperor qing dynasty emperor taizong huang taiji and filial piety end wen queen bo le dhi corp's tomb, covers an area of 160000 square meters, is the largest "commissioner of three ling" at the beginning of the qing dynasty, imposing manner is the most magnificent one. located in the ancient city of shenyang (shengjing) nato ten li, so also known as "zhao mausoleum", is in the qing dynasty royal mausoleum and the resort of the unity of modern landscape architecture. garden ancient pine trees towering, grass green, lake water ripples, and building the temple, watts, fully shows the royal tombs of the majestic, magnificent, and the modern garden of elegant and beautiful. zhaoling besides buried with emperor after, also buried the have no opinion of gongchen princess, 'toe gongguifei, 洐 gongshufei etc. a batch of empresses beauty, is the most representative in the mausoleum of the commissioner of the qing dynasty of the mausoleum of hadrian, is our country one of the most complete existing ancient imperial mausoleum building.
zhaoling mausoleum was built in the qing chong de eight years (in 1643), to shunzhi eight years (1651 years) basic completion of after reconstruction and labour market and present it with many times the size of the now. mausoleum building layout follow lay after the "power" of the catacombs principle from south to north by the before, during and after the three parts, the main buildings are built on the central axis, symmetrically arranged on both sides, is imitated from the tomb of the ming dynasty and has the characteristics of the manchu mausoleum.
zhaoling mausoleum all covers an area of 180000 square meters, is pided into three parts. from south to north in the order: the front, from the horse monuments to the red door, including huabiao, stone lions, stone memorial arch, change clothes, slaughter hall hall; central, from red gate to mahjong layout, including huabiao, stone animal, monuments, buildings and buildings for sacrifice; back, is a mahjong layout, crescent city and city, this is the body of the mausoleum.
mahjong layout called long gate, main entrance on the gate house. mahjong layout has four corners watchtower. mahjong layout inside the long house, things peidian peidian, things dry fruit room and burn silks. long behind the surface there are two columns and door, five for david and vouchers, coupons hole at the top is daming. after mahjong layout is the crescent city and city, in the city, to treasure top, for dungeons. treasure mountain city is long behind industry, mountain climbing, cemetery landscape panoramic view.
zhao lingqian in sheet wall, went on both sides of the pavilion have huabiao, shishi, change clothes, etc., and the middle is arched. arch is the front of the main body construction, bluestone, four pillars three layers, carving exquisite, elegant, is a rare art treasures. swim alone arched, then to red gate, this is the beginning of the tour in central. is red door for sheet wall is the south gate, storeys tall, very solemn, and its two wings adornment coloured glaze is panlong wall, because of the shape and vivid, more conspicuous. is red and went up on both sides of the door, huabiao, stone and large column, they two relatively. slash and solemn. the beast is the most admirable in "white" and "white". the two stone horse horse image lifelike, as if, in love ride two horses were alive as the prototype carve. appreciate the stone horse ", then to the pavilion. pavilion and was relatively red door, to celebrate were built, inside the vertical tablet called "zhaoling alkaloids in san de tablet".
the pavilion is to long. long the door is mahjong layout is the south gate, as opposed to a pavilion. mahjong layout for the back, as it has built the city, is located in the sheet wall, asing if is a city within a city. to travel to swim long temple city first. long temple in mahjong layout center, and have long before the door, after the ming building, about peidian peidian, four corner has turrets, like month, so it was extremely ambitious. long temple carved granite steps as base, with golden yellow glazed tile roof, coupled with the painted carved beams, jinbian red walls, so it is extremely magnificent. long stay behind after ming building, you can treasure. treasure city in the northern end of the mahjong layout, as crescent. city is also called the treasure treasure top, namely dungeons underneath, and placed the coffins were couples and interred. , looking on treasure top, looked round, green trees and cyclization, beautiful scenery, like the trees in the city, a ease feeling arises spontaneously.
sixteen years of the republic of china (1927) in may, bi is "zhao mausoleum park" for the center with mausoleum, now covers an area of 3.32 million square meters. centered on the overall planning of tomb, tomb, lingqian and ling after three parts. campus beautiful natural scenery, colorful, aromatic show garden is the yuanzhongyuan zhao mausoleum park, a total area of 40000 square meters, planted nearly 200 kinds of plants, four points are, each has its own characteristics. early spring cherry blossom in full bloom, garden fragrance; a new summer lotus, the willows; late autumn full mountain red leaves, cenglinjinran; winter snow mountains, pine and forceful. across the garden, spring flowers, summer has yin, autumn fruit, winter green, strange flowers, stone bridges, there is quite a show of jiangnan. campus architecture and landscape clever union, with chinese traditional garden architecture combines natural beauty and artificial beauty as a whole, constitute a natural landscape, attract a large number of tourists to visit. zhao mausoleum park has 300000 square meters of artificial lake water, rippling in summer, life in suzhou as the shadow, a pedal boat, the boat for sightseeing, boating on the lake, don't have a taste. is now zhao mausoleum park is a world-famous tourist scenic spot. now the national key cultural relics protection units.
visit long temple ", after the ming building, you can treasure. treasure city in the northern end of the mahjong layout, as crescent. city is also called the treasure treasure top, namely dungeons underneath, and placed the coffins were couples and interred. , looking on treasure top, looked round, green trees and cyclization, beautiful scenery, like the trees in the city, a ease feeling arises spontaneously. now zhaoling has warded zhao mausoleum park.
another feature of zhaoling is boundless example in several groups. existing ancient pine trees more than two thousand, more than three hundred years old, tall and straight, swaying towering our day. these green ling loose in its golden tiles zhaoling and composed a magnificent landscape, one of the "making", "flame", "husband and wife tree", "sisters" trees, "turtle tree" is distinctive, etc.
shenyang zhaoling ancient history, mysterious tomb, beautiful natural landscape, as tens of thousands of chinese and foreign visitors find the scenery pleasing to both the eye and the mind, linger for browsing resort, also become the window of the people all over the world understand china, know about shenyang.
關于沈陽科技館調(diào)研心得體會和方法四
清昭陵現(xiàn)為國家重點文物保護單位,并于20__年7月1日與沈陽故宮、沈陽福陵和撫順永陵,經(jīng)第28屆世界遺產(chǎn)委員會會議表決通過,正式列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。
昭陵始建于清崇德八年(1643年)至順治八年(1651年)基本建成,后歷經(jīng)多次改建和增修而呈現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模。陵寢建筑的平面布局遵循“前朝后寢”的陵寢原則自南向北由前、中、后三個部分組成,其主體建筑都建在中軸線上,兩側(cè)對稱排列,系仿自明朝皇陵而又具有滿族陵寢的特點。
昭陵全陵占地18萬平方米,共分三大部分。由南至北依次為:前部,從下馬碑到正紅門,包括華表、石獅、石牌坊、更衣廳、宰牲廳。;中部,從正紅門到方城,包括華表、石象生、碑樓和祭祀用房。;后部,是方城、月牙城和寶城,這是陵寢的主體。
方城正門稱為隆恩門,上有門樓。方城四角有角樓。方城內(nèi)有隆恩殿、東西配殿、東西晾果房和焚帛亭。隆恩殿后面有二柱門、石五供和券洞門,券洞頂端是大明樓。方城之后是月牙城和寶清昭陵城,在寶城中心,上為寶頂,下為地宮。寶城后面是隆業(yè)山,登山俯視,陵園風光可盡收眼底。
游昭陵時,先游前部。前部在繚墻外,參道兩側(cè)有華表、石獅、更衣亭等,而正中是牌樓。牌樓是前部主體建筑,系青石建成,四柱三層,雕刻得玲瓏剔透,精美無雙,為罕見的藝術(shù)珍品。游罷牌樓,即可至正紅門,這是游中部的開始。正紅門為繚墻的正南門,層樓高聳,十分莊嚴,而其兩翼所裝飾的五色琉璃蟠龍壁,因造形生動,更引人注目。正紅門內(nèi)的參道兩旁,有華表、石獸和大望柱,它們兩兩相對。既整飭又肅穆。石獸中最值得欣賞的是"大白"和"小白"。這兩匹石馬形象逼真,栩栩若生,據(jù)說是以墓主生前最愛騎的兩匹駿馬為原型雕琢而成。欣賞罷石馬,即可至碑亭。碑亭與正紅門相對,為頌揚墓主而建,里面所豎碑稱"昭陵神功圣德碑"。
出碑亭即至隆恩門。隆恩門是方城的正南門,與碑亭相對。方城為后部,它建造得如同城池一般,位于繚墻,仿佛是城中之城。游方城先要游隆恩殿。隆恩殿居于方城中心,前有隆恩門,后有明樓,左右有配殿,四隅有角樓,猶如眾星拱月一般,故顯得異常雄偉。隆恩殿以雕刻精美的花崗清昭陵巖臺階為底座,以金光閃閃的黃琉璃瓦為屋頂,再加上畫棟雕梁、金匾紅墻,故又顯得異常華麗。
參觀罷隆恩殿,經(jīng)過明樓,即可至寶城。寶城在方城北端,為月牙形。寶城又稱寶頂,其下即地宮,安置著墓主夫婦的棺槨和陪葬品。登上寶頂,向四下一望,綠樹環(huán)合,景色清幽,宛若置身于城市山林中,一種恬適之感油然而生。現(xiàn)在昭陵已辟為北陵公園。
昭陵的另一特色是漫漫數(shù)里的古松群?,F(xiàn)存古松二千余棵,松齡達三百多年,搖曳挺拔,參天敝日。這些蒼翠的陵松在金瓦紅墻中構(gòu)成昭陵又一壯麗景觀,其中的“神樹”、“鳳凰樹”、“夫妻樹”、“姐妹樹”、“龜樹”等更是別具特色。
民國十六年五月(1927年),以陵寢為中心辟為“北陵公園”,如今占地面積330萬平方米。其總體規(guī)劃是以陵寢為中心,分陵寢、陵前和陵后三部分。園內(nèi)的自然景觀千姿百態(tài),五彩繽紛,其中芳秀園是北陵公園的園中園,總面積4萬平方米,種植了近200種植物,四季分呈,各具特色。初春櫻花盛開,滿園飄香;盛夏荷花競放,柳浪聞鶯;深秋滿山紅葉,層林盡染;寒冬銀裝素裹,蒼松挺拔。縱觀整個園林,春有花,夏有陰,秋有果,冬有青,奇花異石,小橋流水,頗有江南之秀。園內(nèi)建筑與景觀巧妙結(jié)合,用中國傳統(tǒng)園林建筑藝術(shù)將自然美和人工美合為一體,構(gòu)成了一幅天然畫卷,吸引大量的中外游客來此參觀。北陵公園擁有30萬平方米的人工湖水面,夏天碧波蕩漾,柳岸成蔭,乘坐腳踏船、快艇觀光游玩,泛舟湖上,別有一番情趣。
clear zhaoling now for the national key cultural relics protection unit, and on july 1, 20__ and the imperial palace in shenyang, shenyang fu mausoleum and fushun ling, after a vote by the 28th world heritage committee meeting, on the world heritage list.
zhaoling mausoleum was built in the qing chong de eight years (1643 years) to shunzhi eight years (1651 years) basic completion, after repeated after rebuilding and labour market and the size of the present now. mausoleum building layout follow lay after the "power" of the catacombs principle from south to north by the before, during and after the three parts, the main buildings are built on the central axis, symmetrically arranged on both sides, is imitated from the tomb of the ming dynasty and has the characteristics of the manchu mausoleum.
zhaoling mausoleum all covers an area of 180000 square meters, is pided into three parts. from south to north in the order: the front, from the horse monuments to the red door, including huabiao, stone lions, stone arches, change clothes, slaughter hall hall. ; the middle, from the red door to mahjong layout, including huabiao, stone animal, stone floor, and sacrifice to occupancy. ; back, is a mahjong layout, crescent city and city, this is the body of the mausoleum.
mahjong layout called long gate, main entrance on the gate house. mahjong layout has four corners watchtower. mahjong layout inside the long house, things peidian peidian, things dry fruit room and burn silks. long behind the surface there are two columns and door, five for david and vouchers, coupons hole at the top is daming. after mahjong layout is the crescent city and baoqing zhaoling city, in the city, to treasure top, for dungeons. treasure mountain city is long behind industry, mountain climbing, cemetery landscape panoramic view.
the front of zhaoling swim, swim first. front sheet wall, went on both sides of the pavilion have huabiao, shishi, change clothes, etc., and the middle is arched. arch is the front of the main body construction, bluestone, four pillars three layers, carving exquisite, elegant, is a rare art treasures. swim alone arched, then to red gate, this is the beginning of the tour in central. is red door for sheet wall is the south gate, storeys tall, very solemn, and its two wings adornment coloured glaze is panlong wall, because of the shape and vivid, more conspicuous. is red and went up on both sides of the door, huabiao, stone and large column, they two relatively. slash and solemn. the beast is the most admirable in "white" and "white". the two stone horse horse image lifelike, as if, in love ride two horses were alive as the prototype carve. appreciate the stone horse ", then to the pavilion. pavilion and was relatively red door, to celebrate were built, inside the vertical tablet called "zhaoling alkaloids in san de tablet".
the pavilion is to long. long the door is mahjong layout is the south gate, as opposed to a pavilion. mahjong layout for the back, as it has built the city, is located in the sheet wall, asing if is a city within a city. to travel to swim long temple city first. long temple in mahjong layout center, and have long before the door, after the ming building, about peidian peidian, four corner has turrets, like month, so it was extremely ambitious. with beautifully carved granite qing long temple zhaoling is base rock steps, with golden yellow glazed tile roof, coupled with the painted carved beams, jinbian red walls, so it is extremely magnificent.
visit long temple ", after the ming building, you can treasure. treasure city in the northern end of the mahjong layout, as crescent. city is also called the treasure treasure top, namely dungeons underneath, and placed the coffins were couples and interred. , looking on treasure top, looked round, green trees and cyclization, beautiful scenery, like the trees in the city, a ease feeling arises spontaneously. now zhaoling has warded zhao mausoleum park.
another feature of zhaoling is boundless example in several groups. existing ancient pine trees more than two thousand, more than three hundred years old, tall and straight, swaying towering our day. these green ling loose in its golden tiles zhaoling and composed a magnificent landscape, one of the "making", "flame", "husband and wife tree", "sisters" trees, "turtle tree" is distinctive, etc.
sixteen years of the republic of china (1927) in may, bi is "zhao mausoleum park" for the center with mausoleum, now covers an area of 3.3 million square meters. centered on the overall planning of tomb, tomb, lingqian and ling after three parts. campus beautiful natural scenery, colorful, aromatic show garden is the yuanzhongyuan zhao mausoleum park, a total area of 40000 square meters, planted nearly 200 kinds of plants, four points are, each has its own characteristics. early spring cherry blossom in full bloom, garden fragrance; a new summer lotus, the willows; late autumn full mountain red leaves, cenglinjinran; winter snow mountains, pine and forceful. across the garden, spring flowers, summer has yin, autumn fruit, winter green, strange flowers, stone bridges, there is quite a show of jiangnan. campus architecture and landscape clever union, with chinese traditional garden architecture combines natural beauty and artificial beauty as a whole, constitute a natural landscape, attract a large number of tourists to visit. zhao mausoleum park has 300000 square meters of artificial lake water, rippling in summer, life in suzhou as the shadow, a pedal boat, the boat for sightseeing, boating on the lake, don't have a taste.
關于沈陽科技館調(diào)研心得體會和方法五
大家好!首先請允許我代表沈陽市全體市民對各位的到來表示熱烈歡迎!今天我為大家介紹的就是沈陽的風景名勝之一的沈陽故宮。
沈陽故宮占地6萬多平方米,有樓臺殿閣各式建筑70余座,由20多個院落組成,總計房屋300多間。故宮按自然布局分為中路、東路和西路三部分。
中路:是太宗皇太極時期的大內(nèi)宮闕。南端是大清門,也是故宮的正門。向北依次是崇政殿、鳳凰褸、清寧宮,它們都排列在一條中軸線上,兩側(cè)還有一些對稱式的附屬建筑。
大清門是日常朝會時文武大臣侯朝的地方,也是清太宗接受群臣謝恩之處。明朝著名將領洪承疇降清后,就從此門進入,受到皇太極的接見。大清門東側(cè)這處建筑叫祖廟,祖廟是愛新覺羅家族祭祀祖先的地方,因是天子的祖廟也稱太廟。
崇政殿前,東西各有五間廂樓,東為飛龍閣,西為翔鳳閣。殿后是一個院落,院正北有一座高約4米的高臺,臺上是皇太極極其后妃的寢區(qū)。沿臺階走上去便是一座金碧輝煌的高樓----鳳凰樓。它的原名叫翔鳳樓,直到1743年才有鳳凰樓之稱。鳳凰樓是清寧宮的門戶,也是皇帝策劃軍政大事和宴筵之所。它與崇政殿同期建成,康熙二十年重修。樓為三層,是三滴水式建筑。每層深廣各三間,周圍有回廊,下層的門洞是聯(lián)絡臺上臺下的道。風凰樓既是后宮的大門,又是整個宮殿建筑的制高點。在樓上觀看日出,極為美妙。所以鳳樓曉日、鳳樓觀塔是沈城著名的景觀。鳳凰樓正門上額的紫氣東來金字橫匾是乾隆皇帝的御筆。
清寧宮兩側(cè)是東西配宮,東配宮有關雎宮、衍慶宮;西配宮有麟趾宮和永福宮。東西配宮均為皇太極和妃子們居住之所。清寧宮西北角有一根由地面壘起,低于屋背的煙囪,人們從正面是看不見的。從清寧宮這一系列建筑中,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)沈陽故宮的兩大建筑特點:一是保存了濃厚的滿族特色即口袋房、萬字炕、煙囪豎在地面上。二是宮高殿低,清寧宮及其四所配宮均高于皇帝議政的崇政殿和東路的大政殿。這是因為清朝奪取政權(quán)前,滿族是一個牧獵民族,受生活習慣的影響,把居住的地方建在高處,以防野獸和洪水的侵襲。這與北京故宮恰好相反。
清寧宮高臺之后是后苑,也叫御花園,內(nèi)有碾磨房、二十八間倉、后宰門等建筑,是皇帝膳食的供給區(qū)。并有地下窨道與清寧宮相通。
在崇政殿、清寧宮高臺兩側(cè)有東所、西所。東所由南往北依次是頤和殿、介祉宮、敬典閣等。東所是東巡時皇帝后妃給太后請安之處,也皇太后的寢宮和存放實錄、玉牒之處;西所由南往北依次是迪光殿、保極殿、繼恩齋和崇謨閣等。西所是東巡時皇帝、后妃及子女居住的地方和存放《圣訓》、《滿文老檔》的地方。崇謨閣的建筑形式是別具一格的,它為卷棚式建筑,是在清乾隆年間增建的。
東路是以大政殿為主體,兩側(cè)輔以方亭十座,稱十王亭。大政殿建于努爾哈赤時期,是故宮最早期八角重檐大木架亭子式建筑。大政殿下是高約1.5米的須彌座式臺基,周圍繞以雕刻精細的荷葉凈瓶青石雕。殿身八面均有斧頭眼式隔扇門,內(nèi)外排柱40根,正門前有雙龍蟠柱。殿頂是十六道五彩琉璃脊,正中是寶瓶火焰珠。殿內(nèi)有精致的斗拱、藻井天花,梁架上用和璽彩繪,上有黃琉璃瓦綠剪邊的頂蓋。整個建筑顯示出極強的美感和莊嚴秀麗的裝飾藝術(shù)情趣。大政殿是皇帝舉行大型慶典的地方,1643年清世祖福臨在此即位。
關于沈陽科技館調(diào)研心得體會和方法六
各位朋友,歡迎大家來到沈陽,我是你們的導游,沈夢,大家可以叫我沈?qū)в?,也可以叫我夢導,我更喜歡你們加我夢導,好了,先簡答給大家介紹一下,在繁華的沈陽古城中心,有一座巍峨莊嚴的清代宮殿建筑群。就是我們今天的目的地——沈陽故宮。
依建筑時間和布局,沈陽故宮的建筑可分為三部分,它們分別是東路、中路、西路。今天,我們就按這個順序。首先參觀東路建筑。
沈陽故宮以其獨特的建筑藝術(shù)和特殊的歷史而聞名中外,在這片絢麗多彩,雄偉多姿的建筑群中,最古老,最具特色的就是我們面前的大政殿。
大政殿草創(chuàng)于1625年,是處理國家政務和舉行慶典活動的主要場所之一。作為最早使用和最為重要的宮殿之一。許多重大歷史事件都以大政殿為舞臺上演。
大清門是沈陽故宮的正門,為皇帝臨朝前,文武百官候朝的地方。它便是演義小說中俗稱的“午朝門”。大清門的屋頂滿鋪黃琉璃瓦并襯以綠色剪邊,既保留了以黃為尊的傳統(tǒng)觀念,又體現(xiàn)了滿族對故鄉(xiāng)山林的深厚眷念。從而形成了區(qū)別北京故宮的一個特點——宮殿頂覆以黃琉璃瓦鑲以綠色剪邊。
穿過大清門,北望便是崇政殿。崇政殿俗稱“金鑾殿”,是清太宗皇太極舉行日常朝會的地方。
各位朋友,古代宮殿建筑布局講究“前朝后寢”??催^了皇帝上朝的金鑾殿,請大家隨我去參觀帝后的寢宮。
鳳凰樓為宴飲、議事之所,是當年沈陽城的最高建筑,詩稱“欲窮千里目,更上一層樓”可謂十分貼切。登上鳳凰樓俯瞰四周,萬般景物盡收眼底,可飽覽盛京全景,也可觀賞日出。“鳳樓曉日”是當年著名的盛京八景之一。
各位朋友,穿過鳳凰樓底層的通道后,我們就進入了后妃居住的臺上五官。 臺上五官是清寧宮、關雎宮、麟趾宮、衍慶宮、永福宮。
現(xiàn)在請大家隨我參觀皇太極和皇后的寢宮——清寧宮。
清寧宮東梢門稱“暖閣”,是帝后的臥室。暖閣內(nèi)分南北二室,二室均設火炕。1643年八月初九,皇太極在暖閣內(nèi)駕崩,終年52歲,后葬于沈陽昭陵,即北陵。
各位朋友,現(xiàn)在請隨我去參觀西路建筑。西路建于1782年至1783年,主要包括:戲臺、嘉蔭堂、文溯閣等。
說起文溯閣,我們不能不提到乾隆皇帝和《四庫全書》。出于加強文化統(tǒng)治的需要,乾隆皇帝于1772年下詔訪求天下藏書,歷經(jīng)十余年時間編成一部大型叢書。該書分經(jīng)、史、子、集四部,所以稱為《四庫全書》。書修成后,抄錄七部,在全國建七座藏書閣分別收藏,沈陽故宮的文溯閣便是其中之一。
看到這里,我們今天的參觀已經(jīng)接近尾聲。望故宮之行能給您留下美好的回憶。
關于沈陽科技館調(diào)研心得體會和方法七
各位朋友,歡迎大家來到沈陽,我是你們的導游,沈夢,大家能夠叫我沈?qū)в危材軌蚪形覊魧В腋矚g你們加我夢導,好了,先簡答給大家介紹一下,在繁華的沈陽古城中心,有一座巍峨莊嚴的清代宮殿建筑群。就是我們這天的目的地——沈陽故宮。
依建筑時光和布局,沈陽故宮的建筑可分為三部分,它們分別是東路、中路、西路。這天,我們就按這個順序。首先參觀東路建筑。
沈陽故宮以其獨特的建筑藝術(shù)和特殊的歷史而聞名中外,在這片絢麗多彩,雄偉多姿的建筑群中,最古老,最具特色的就是我們面前的大政殿。
大政殿草創(chuàng)于1620xx年,是處理國家政務和舉行慶典活動的主要場所之一。接下來作為最早使用和最為重要的宮殿之一。許多重大歷史事件都以大政殿為舞臺上演。
大清門是沈陽故宮的正門,為皇帝臨朝前,文武百官候朝的地方。它便是演義小說中俗稱的“午朝門”。大清門的屋頂滿鋪黃琉璃瓦并襯以綠色剪邊,既保留了以黃為尊的傳統(tǒng)觀念,又體現(xiàn)了滿族對故鄉(xiāng)山林的深厚眷念。從而構(gòu)成了區(qū)別北京故宮的一個特點——宮殿頂覆以黃琉璃瓦鑲以綠色剪邊。
穿過大清門,北望便是崇政殿。崇政殿俗稱“金鑾殿”,是清太宗皇太極舉行日常朝會的地方。
各位朋友,古代宮殿建筑布局講究“前朝后寢”??催^了皇帝上朝的金鑾殿,請大家隨我去參觀帝后的寢宮。
鳳凰樓為宴飲、議事之所,是當年沈陽城的最高建筑,詩稱“欲窮千里目,更上一層樓”可謂十分貼切。登上鳳凰樓俯瞰四周,萬般景物盡收眼底,可飽覽盛京全景,也可觀賞日出?!傍P樓曉日”是當年著名的盛京八景之一。
各位朋友,穿過鳳凰樓底層的通道后,然后是我們就進入了后妃居住的臺上五官。臺上五官是清寧宮、關雎宮、麟趾宮、衍慶宮、永福宮。
此刻請大家隨我參觀皇太極和皇后的寢宮——清寧宮。
清寧宮東梢門稱“暖閣”,是帝后的臥室。暖閣內(nèi)分南北二室,二室均設火炕。1643年八月初九,皇太極在暖閣內(nèi)駕崩,終年52歲,后葬于沈陽昭陵,即北陵。
各位朋友,此刻請隨我去參觀西路建筑。西路建于1782年至1783年,主要包括:戲臺、嘉蔭堂、文溯閣等。
說起文溯閣,我們不能不提到乾隆皇帝和《四庫全書》。接下來出于加強文化統(tǒng)治的需要,乾隆皇帝于1772年下詔訪求天下藏書,歷經(jīng)十余年時光編成一部大型叢書。該書分經(jīng)、史、子、集四部,所以稱為《四庫全書》。書修成后,抄錄七部,在全國建七座藏書閣分別收藏,接下來是沈陽故宮的文溯閣便是其中之一。
看到那里,我們這天的參觀已經(jīng)接近尾聲。接下了是望故宮之行能給您留下完美的回憶。
關于沈陽科技館調(diào)研心得體會和方法八
各位游客大家好,
我們此次游覽的景點是世界文化遺產(chǎn)、國家 4a級景區(qū)、國家重點文物保護單位——沈陽故宮。首先呢,我們一起來看一下沈陽故宮的平面圖。
沈陽故宮始建于公元1625年。先后經(jīng)過三次大規(guī)模建設,形成了東、中、西三路格局。東路建立于清太祖努爾哈赤時期,主要建筑是大政殿和十王庭;中路建于清太宗皇太極時期,主要的建筑是大清門、崇政殿、鳳凰樓、清寧宮;西路呢,建于清乾隆年間,主要建筑是戲臺、嘉蔭堂、文溯閣和仰熙齋,它因存放《四庫全書》而聞名。那么作為我國現(xiàn)存最完好的兩座古代帝王宮殿之一呢,沈陽故宮與北京故宮遙相呼應,卻又有著截然不同的建筑風格。現(xiàn)在呢我們就來領略一下昔日皇宮的風采。
首先我們看到的是中路建筑的大清門,它俗稱午門,也就是沈陽故宮的正門。是當時文武群臣候朝的地方,也是清太宗皇太極接受群臣謝恩之處。那么這座門為什么叫做大清門呢?正統(tǒng)的說法是清朝的國號為清,皇宮的正門就是國門,所以稱為大清門。還有一個傳說,這座木門呢在建成之后呢并沒有名稱,只是叫做大門。后來,皇太極改國號為大清,聽說北京明朝皇宮的宮門叫大明門,于是為了體現(xiàn)針鋒相對,就將此門命名為大清門。
我們穿過大清門,現(xiàn)在正面的建筑就是崇政殿。崇政殿原名“正殿”,俗稱金鑾殿。崇德元年定名為崇政殿。它是皇太極日常處理軍政要務、接見外國使臣和邊疆少數(shù)民族代表的地方。
我們可以看到崇政殿為五間九檁硬山式建筑,殿頂鋪黃琉璃瓦,鑲綠剪邊,那么請各位游客注意的是殿頂?shù)牧鹆?,有去過北京故宮的朋友一定會清楚地記得北京故宮的琉璃瓦是黃色的,而沈陽的琉璃瓦是黃色鑲綠剪邊。那么這是沈陽故宮與北京故宮的重要差別之一。
我們走上月臺。那么在月臺兩側(cè)分別有用于計時的日晷,和用于存放標準計量單位的嘉量亭。我們看到在月臺上呢還設有四口大缸,那么大家知道它們是做什么用的嗎?那我告訴大家吧,他叫做“吉祥缸”古代稱它是“門?!?,是皇宮中重要的防火設施,象征缸中水多似海,可以鎮(zhèn)火災。
我們走上須彌座。抬頭看上方的牌匾是用滿文和漢文書寫的“崇政殿”。請游客看左邊的滿文,我們有個形象的比喻“中間一根棍,兩邊都是刺,加上圈和點,就是滿文字兒”。那么沈陽故宮的牌匾都是滿文在左,漢文在右。而北京故宮的牌匾都是漢文在左,滿文在右。那么這是沈陽故宮與北京故宮的差別之二。
我們抬頭看崇政殿內(nèi)上方懸掛的“正大光明”匾額,是由順治皇帝手諭的。下面呢是皇帝的寶座,據(jù)說寶座上繪制雕刻有8條金龍,再加上坐在寶座上的真龍?zhí)熳?,正好是中國古代最大的陽?shù)九條龍?,F(xiàn)在崇政殿呢,我們就游覽到這里。
眼前的雄偉建筑呢,就是鳳凰樓。它建在3.8米高的青磚臺基上,為三層歇山式建筑。它原名翔鳳樓,是皇太極休息、宴會和讀書之所。我們看到正門上方懸掛的“紫氣東來”橫匾呢,是由乾隆皇帝手諭的。意思是大清朝國運強盛的福氣是從東方的盛京傳來的。那么鳳凰樓不僅是當時后宮的正門,又是當時盛京城的最高建筑,所以有“鳳樓曉日”之稱,并被列為盛京八景之一。傳說呀當年站在鳳凰樓上就可以看到撫順城呢。
穿過鳳凰樓呢我們來到了一處院落,此處呢就是皇太極的后宮所在。我們正面的是皇太極的中宮“清寧宮”。它原名正宮,是沈陽故宮中最具滿族住宅特色的建筑。我們可以看到它的門呢開在靠東的一側(cè)。形如口袋,所以稱為“口袋房”。東一間呢是皇太極和孝端文皇后博爾濟吉特氏的寢宮,又稱暖閣。寢宮分為南北兩室,各有火炕又稱龍床。1643年,皇太極就在這里‘端坐無疾而終’,終年52歲,后葬于昭陵。那么在東側(cè)第二間的窗下呢,設有兩口大鍋,它是用來干什么的呢?我來解釋一下,這兩口鍋是用來祭祀的。滿族人信奉薩滿教。人們將熱酒灌進豬的耳朵,如果豬耳朵有晃動即表示神靈已經(jīng)接收該祭品。如果不動,則表示神靈不滿意,則本次祭祀活動不能在進行下去了。那么豬由于受到刺激就會搖頭,滿族人認為此時的豬已經(jīng)通神,成為連接天地的媒介。于是呢就將豬宰殺后洗干凈,切成大塊,放入北側(cè)的兩口大鍋里清水煮熟,那煮熟的肉呢就餓放入木槽中供奉給神靈享用,然后再分給參加祭祀的人們,稱為“吃福肉”,滿族人相信吃了福肉,福氣就會降臨到每個人的身上。
那么我們現(xiàn)在來到西一側(cè)的房間,西側(cè)呢三間通連,北、西、南三面搭成相連的環(huán)炕,稱為“萬字炕”,這里既是皇帝舉行內(nèi)宮便宴之處,也是滿族巫人薩滿為皇帝和國家祈神的地方。
清寧宮與漢族建筑不同的地方還在于它的煙囪建在屋后,而且是從地面向上壘起的。一會我們在繞道后面看這個煙囪。清寧宮的這種“口袋房,萬字炕,煙囪建在地面上”的建筑特點具有滿族特有的民族風格。
我們出了清寧宮呢,大家看到的這其他四座寢宮分別是:關雎宮、麟趾宮、衍慶宮、永福宮。我們下面逐一參觀。
關雎宮是皇太極一生中最寵愛的宸妃——海蘭珠的寢宮。海蘭珠是中宮皇后的親侄女,永福宮莊妃的親姐姐。海蘭珠嫁皇太極時已經(jīng)26歲,但皇太極卻對海蘭珠有著很深的感情。海蘭珠由于親生的八皇子早逝,終日郁郁寡歡,在崇德六年病逝。在他死后兩年,皇太極也去世了,據(jù)說皇太極的早逝與兩年前宸妃的病逝有著密切的關系。
這是衍慶宮,是皇太極淑妃的寢宮,其女,被皇太極嫁給多爾袞為妻
這是麟趾宮,是皇太極貴妃娜木鐘的寢宮,其子博果爾曾在皇太極死后成為福臨皇位的最大競爭者。后成為朝中重臣。
我們最后來看看皇太極后妃中地位最低的永福宮。永福宮是莊妃博爾濟吉特氏的宮室。若論及對清政權(quán)的影響,莊妃的作用遠遠超過了其她四位后妃,被后人評價為清朝歷史上最有作為的后妃。莊妃也是中宮皇后的親侄女,關雎宮海蘭珠的親妹妹。莊妃以其卓越的政治才能,輔佐了三位皇帝成就大清的基業(yè)??滴醵辏f妃病逝,享年75歲。成為清朝后宮中壽祿最長的女人。
大家看,在庭院的西南角立著的紅色木桿稱為索倫桿,木桿頂端有錫斗。滿族人稱它為“神桿”。它是用來喂養(yǎng)烏鴉的。那么游客們是不是會疑問,為什么滿族要祭祀烏鴉呢?其實這于一個關于烏鴉的傳說有關。滿族的先祖有一次在被仇家追殺時,曾絕望的躺在地上,這時恰巧一群烏鴉落在他的身上。仇家經(jīng)過此地,認為烏鴉是不會在有活人的地方停留的,就這樣滿族的祖先得救了。后來滿族人為報答烏鴉救祖先一命的恩德,開始供奉烏鴉,祭祀的時候把豬的內(nèi)臟放到錫斗里來供養(yǎng)烏鴉。
現(xiàn)在呢,我們看到的就是在清寧宮后的這根煙囪,也是當年沈陽城內(nèi)唯一的一根煙囪。寓意“一統(tǒng)江山”。大家數(shù)一下煙囪有多少層?……對一共有十一層,我告訴大家在十一層上面還有三塊磚。那么這怎么講哪?問大家一個小問題:清朝有多少位皇帝,又有多少位是壽終正寢的?……對清朝一共有12為皇帝。其中11位壽終正寢。末代皇帝溥儀只做了三年的皇帝。正好和這十一層零三塊磚“一統(tǒng)江山”吻合。
好了,朋友們沈陽故宮我就為大家介紹到這里,希望我的講解能給大家留下深刻的印象?,F(xiàn)在大家可以自由活動30分鐘,30分鐘之后,我們在正門集合。
關于沈陽科技館調(diào)研心得體會和方法九
清昭陵現(xiàn)為國家重點文物保護單位,并于20xx年7月1日與沈陽故宮、沈陽福陵和撫順永陵,經(jīng)第28屆世界遺產(chǎn)委員會會議表決通過,正式列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。
昭陵始建于清崇德八年(1643年)至順治八年(1651年)基本建成,后歷經(jīng)多次改建和增修而呈現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模。陵寢建筑的平面布局遵循“前朝后寢”的陵寢原則自南向北由前、中、后三個部分組成,其主體建筑都建在中軸線上,兩側(cè)對稱排列,系仿自明朝皇陵而又具有滿族陵寢的特點。
昭陵全陵占地18萬平方米,共分三大部分。由南至北依次為:前部,從下馬碑到正紅門,包括華表、石獅、石牌坊、更衣廳、宰牲廳。;中部,從正紅門到方城,包括華表、石象生、碑樓和祭祀用房。;后部,是方城、月牙城和寶城,這是陵寢的主體。
方城正門稱為隆恩門,上有門樓。方城四角有角樓。方城內(nèi)有隆恩殿、東西配殿、東西晾果房和焚帛亭。隆恩殿后面有二柱門、石五供和券洞門,券洞頂端是大明樓。方城之后是月牙城和寶清昭陵城,在寶城中心,上為寶頂,下為地宮。寶城后面是隆業(yè)山,登山俯視,陵園風光可盡收眼底。
游昭陵時,先游前部。前部在繚墻外,參道兩側(cè)有華表、石獅、更衣亭等,而正中是牌樓。牌樓是前部主體建筑,系青石建成,四柱三層,雕刻得玲瓏剔透,精美無雙,為罕見的藝術(shù)珍品。游罷牌樓,即可至正紅門,這是游中部的開始。正紅門為繚墻的正南門,層樓高聳,十分莊嚴,而其兩翼所裝飾的五色琉璃蟠龍壁,因造形生動,更引人注目。正紅門內(nèi)的參道兩旁,有華表、石獸和大望柱,它們兩兩相對。既整飭又肅穆。石獸中最值得欣賞的是"大白"和"小白"。這兩匹石馬形象逼真,栩栩若生,據(jù)說是以墓主生前最愛騎的兩匹駿馬為原型雕琢而成。欣賞罷石馬,即可至碑亭。碑亭與正紅門相對,為頌揚墓主而建,里面所豎碑稱"昭陵神功圣德碑"。
出碑亭即至隆恩門。隆恩門是方城的正南門,與碑亭相對。方城為后部,它建造得如同城池一般,位于繚墻,仿佛是城中之城。游方城先要游隆恩殿。隆恩殿居于方城中心,前有隆恩門,后有明樓,左右有配殿,四隅有角樓,猶如眾星拱月一般,故顯得異常雄偉。隆恩殿以雕刻精美的花崗清昭陵巖臺階為底座,以金光閃閃的黃琉璃瓦為屋頂,再加上畫棟雕梁、金匾紅墻,故又顯得異常華麗。
參觀罷隆恩殿,經(jīng)過明樓,即可至寶城。寶城在方城北端,為月牙形。寶城又稱寶頂,其下即地宮,安置著墓主夫婦的棺槨和陪葬品。登上寶頂,向四下一望,綠樹環(huán)合,景色清幽,宛若置身于城市山林中,一種恬適之感油然而生。現(xiàn)在昭陵已辟為北陵公園。
昭陵的另一特色是漫漫數(shù)里的古松群?,F(xiàn)存古松二千余棵,松齡達三百多年,搖曳挺拔,參天敝日。這些蒼翠的陵松在金瓦紅墻中構(gòu)成昭陵又一壯麗景觀,其中的“神樹”、“鳳凰樹”、“夫妻樹”、“姐妹樹”、“龜樹”等更是別具特色。
民國十六年五月(1920xx年),以陵寢為中心辟為“北陵公園”,如今占地面積330萬平方米。其總體規(guī)劃是以陵寢為中心,分陵寢、陵前和陵后三部分。園內(nèi)的自然景觀千姿百態(tài),五彩繽紛,其中芳秀園是北陵公園的園中園,總面積4萬平方米,種植了近200種植物,四季分呈,各具特色。初春櫻花盛開,滿園飄香;盛夏荷花競放,柳浪聞鶯;深秋滿山紅葉,層林盡染;寒冬銀裝素裹,蒼松挺拔。縱觀整個園林,春有花,夏有陰,秋有果,冬有青,奇花異石,小橋流水,頗有江南之秀。園內(nèi)建筑與景觀巧妙結(jié)合,用中國傳統(tǒng)園林建筑藝術(shù)將自然美和人工美合為一體,構(gòu)成了一幅天然畫卷,吸引大量的中外游客來此參觀。北陵公園擁有30萬平方米的人工湖水面,夏天碧波蕩漾,柳岸成蔭,乘坐腳踏船、快艇觀光游玩,泛舟湖上,別有一番情趣。
clear zhaoling now for the national key cultural relics protection unit, and on july 1, 20xx and the imperial palace in shenyang, shenyang fu mausoleum and fushun ling, after a vote by the 28th world heritage committee meeting, on the world heritage list.
zhaoling mausoleum was built in the qing chong de eight years (1643 years) to shunzhi eight years (1651 years) basic completion, after repeated after rebuilding and labour market and the size of the present now. mausoleum building layout follow lay after the "power" of the catacombs principle from south to north by the before, during and after the three parts, the main buildings are built on the central axis, symmetrically arranged on both sides, is imitated from the tomb of the ming dynasty and has the characteristics of the manchu mausoleum.
zhaoling mausoleum all covers an area of 180000 square meters, is pided into three parts. from south to north in the order: the front, from the horse monuments to the red door, including huabiao, stone lions, stone arches, change clothes, slaughter hall hall. ; the middle, from the red door to mahjong layout, including huabiao, stone animal, stone floor, and sacrifice to occupancy. ; back, is a mahjong layout, crescent city and city, this is the body of the mausoleum.
mahjong layout called long gate, main entrance on the gate house. mahjong layout has four corners watchtower. mahjong layout inside the long house, things peidian peidian, things dry fruit room and burn silks. long behind the surface there are two columns and door, five for david and vouchers, coupons hole at the top is daming. after mahjong layout is the crescent city and baoqing zhaoling city, in the city, to treasure top, for dungeons. treasure mountain city is long behind industry, mountain climbing, cemetery landscape panoramic view.
the front of zhaoling swim, swim first. front sheet wall, went on both sides of the pavilion have huabiao, shishi, change clothes, etc., and the middle is arched. arch is the front of the main body construction, bluestone, four pillars three layers, carving exquisite, elegant, is a rare art treasures. swim alone arched, then to red gate, this is the beginning of the tour in central. is red door for sheet wall is the south gate, storeys tall, very solemn, and its two wings adornment coloured glaze is panlong wall, because of the shape and vivid, more conspicuous. is red and went up on both sides of the door, huabiao, stone and large column, they two relatively. slash and solemn. the beast is the most admirable in "white" and "white". the two stone horse horse image lifelike, as if, in love ride two horses were alive as the prototype carve. appreciate the stone horse ", then to the pavilion. pavilion and was relatively red door, to celebrate were built, inside the vertical tablet called "zhaoling alkaloids in san de tablet".
the pavilion is to long. long the door is mahjong layout is the south gate, as opposed to a pavilion. mahjong layout for the back, as it has built the city, is located in the sheet wall, asing if is a city within a city. to travel to swim long temple city first. long temple in mahjong layout center, and have long before the door, after the ming building, about peidian peidian, four corner has turrets, like month, so it was extremely ambitious. with beautifully carved granite qing long temple zhaoling is base rock steps, with golden yellow glazed tile roof, coupled with the painted carved beams, jinbian red walls, so it is extremely magnificent.
visit long temple ", after the ming building, you can treasure. treasure city in the northern end of the mahjong layout, as crescent. city is also called the treasure treasure top, namely dungeons underneath, and placed the coffins were couples and interred. , looking on treasure top, looked round, green trees and cyclization, beautiful scenery, like the trees in the city, a ease feeling arises spontaneously. now zhaoling has warded zhao mausoleum park.
another feature of zhaoling is boundless example in several groups. existing ancient pine trees more than two thousand, more than three hundred years old, tall and straight, swaying towering our day. these green ling loose in its golden tiles zhaoling and composed a magnificent landscape, one of the "making", "flame", "husband and wife tree", "sisters" trees, "turtle tree" is distinctive, etc.
sixteen years of the republic of china (1927) in may, bi is "zhao mausoleum park" for the center with mausoleum, now covers an area of 3.3 million square meters. centered on the overall planning of tomb, tomb, lingqian and ling after three parts. campus beautiful natural scenery, colorful, aromatic show garden is the yuanzhongyuan zhao mausoleum park, a total area of 40000 square meters, planted nearly 200 kinds of plants, four points are, each has its own characteristics. early spring cherry blossom in full bloom, garden fragrance; a new summer lotus, the willows; late autumn full mountain red leaves, cenglinjinran; winter snow mountains, pine and forceful. across the garden, spring flowers, summer has yin, autumn fruit, winter green, strange flowers, stone bridges, there is quite a show of jiangnan. campus architecture and landscape clever union, with chinese traditional garden architecture combines natural beauty and artificial beauty as a whole, constitute a natural landscape, attract a large number of tourists to visit. zhao mausoleum park has 300000 square meters of artificial lake water, rippling in summer, life in suzhou as the shadow, a pedal boat, the boat for sightseeing, boating on the lake, don't have a taste.
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